Changing Institutions

Question 1

(intro) what is robertson say about sical inistutions

Answer 1

are organised systems that preserve societal norms and values (Robertson, 1989)

Question 2

(intro) What cyases insititution to evolve

Answer 2

legal, cultural, technological, and economic shifts, shaping patterns in society.

Question 3

(Fam) whats the nucelar family

Answer 3

traditionally central in Australian society, with the male as the instrumental role, the breadwinner and the female in the expressive role, the caregiver, as described by Talcott Parsons (1956).

Question 4

(intro) what is the current standing in cintempoary austrlian soicety

Answer 4

family structures have diversified, education access has expanded while inequalities persist, and the workplace has become more inclusive, though challenges remain.

Question 5

(intro) what is being studied

Answer 5

1. functionalism,
2. conflict theory,
3. feminism
4. symbolic interactionism,
   exploring how these institutions adapt and interact within Australian society.

Question 6

(Fam) what are the key functions emphasised

Answer 6

child socialisation, economic provision, reproduction, and emotional support, considered essential for social stability

Question 6

(Fam) what ahppened next

Answer 6

the family structure has changed significantly due to legal, cultural, and technological shifts, leading to the decline of the traditional nuclear family and the redistribution of gender roles.

Question 7

(Fam) what are the signfcaint legilsative changes that have manifestee in change

Answer 7

1. The Family Law Act (1975) marked a pivotal shift by introducing no-fault divorce, which diversified family forms, including single-parent and blended families. Stimulus six highlights that family changes result from factors like cultural shifts.
2. ## Additionally, the 2017 legalization of same-sex marriage broadened the definition of family, integrating LGBTQ+ relationships and promoting equality.These changes reflect evolving family sizes, forms, and dynamics, with many delaying childbirth for career advancement.

Question 7

(Fam) what technolgical changes have menifested in cange

Answer 7

1. The contraceptive pill (1961) gave women greater control over reproduction, leading to smaller family sizes and shifting gender roles.
2. In-vitro fertilisation (IVF), introduced in 1980, expanded reproductive options, allowing more freedom in shaping family structures.

Question 8

(Edu) how has education been shaped hostroally

Answer 8

The introduction of compulsory education in the 1870s was a response to industrialization, as urbanisation increased demand for an educated workforce. State legislation, such as compulsory education laws, aimed to equip young Australians with skills for workforce participation and societal integration

Question 8

(Edu) how do symbolic inetractions react

Answer 8

“eighty-5 percent of Australians with a tertiary education have a paid job (ABS, 2022)

Question 8

(Fam) how do symbolic interactions view this change

Answer 8

Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim (2012) argue that society has become a “risk society,” where increased choice brings uncertainty and instability within families.
In contemporary Australia, this has manifested in the increasing delay of marriage and childbirth, with many opting for de facto relationships or single-parent households.
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The flexibility in family forms, while offering more freedom, also raises challenges around long-term stability and emotional well-being.

Question 9

(Edu) what the ocnfolcut theory perspectove

Answer 9

this shift reflects broader power dynamics, as women’s education challenges patriarchal structures that previously restricted their access to professional advancement.

Question 9

(Fam) i like this sentacne

Answer 9

Just as changes in family structures reflect broader societal shifts, the institution of education has also evolved, both in terms of access and the inequalities it perpetuates.

Question 9

(Fam) how do femanist theorists respond

Answer 9

Arlie Hochschild critique these changes, noting that despite women’s opportunities, traditional gender expectations persist, as women often still manage a “second shift” of domestic duties.

Question 10

(Edu) what does durky have ot say about it

Answer 10

education “enables children to develop a sense of commitment to their society as a whole…[and]…prepares them for interacting with members of society” (Van Krieken, 2000), emphasising its role in social cohesion and stability.

Question 10

(Edu) What does CF1 have to say

Answer 10

Bourdieu (1992) argues that education also perpetuates inequality, with disparities between private and public schools, reflected in the access to social, cultural, and symbolic capital. These divides reinforce class distinctions despite efforts to democratise education through policies like the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) in 1989

Question 11

(Edu) How does it connect to work

Answer 11

One shift was the feminization of the workforce, increasing women’s access to higher education and challenging gender norms. As stimulus five notes, the “increasing number of women entering the workforce” necessitated more educational opportunities.

Question 12

(Edu) how do you clise this paragraph

Answer 12

Although this demonstrates education’s positive impact on employment, the persistent inequality in access and outcomes suggests that

Bourdieu’s analysis of social capital remains highly relevant in contemporary Australia.

Question 12

(Edu) CF2?

Answer 12

emphasis on higher education creating “economic opportunity” is critiqued by conflict theorists, who see education as reproducing class inequalities rather than bridging them.

Question 13

(Work) what tranfomrtaioon has work undergoen recentyy

Answer 13

from a male-dominated, full-time employment model, where men were the primary earners and women focused on domestic duties, to a more inclusive and flexible workforce.

Question 13

(Work) what signfincat legilsation has menifested the changed

Answer 13

1. The Public Service Act (1966), which permitted married women to remain in the workforce
2. Sex Discrimination Act (1984), which banned discrimination based on gender, race, and sexual orientation,
   were pivotal in this shift.
   -
   These legal reforms dramatically increased the proportion of women in the workforce, rising from 35% to 59% (ABS).

Question 14

(Work) what are some limitations the persist

Answer 14

persistence of wage disparities and women’s underrepresentation in senior positions.

Question 14

(Work)what to femansist theorys conetntd

Answer 14

1. Hochschild’s ‘second shift’ illustrates the tension many women face, juggling professional responsibilities with domestic duties.This double burden restricts their ability to advance into senior positions, contributing to the ‘glass ceiling.’
2. Walby expands on this by noting that women’s continued role as primary carers, despite legislative progress, reinforces their exclusion from high-status roles and perpetuates the gender pay gap.

Question 14

(Work) symbloic internationst ulrich beck hargues what

Answer 14

notes the rise of casualization and gig work has further reshaped the labour market, introducing flexibility but also economic insecurity. This has led to unstable employment conditions for many workers, particularly those in precarious jobs without the benefits of traditional full-time roles.

Question 15

(Work) what is the functionlist perspetive

Answer 15

Durkheim argued that work is essential for maintaining social solidarity, enabling people to contribute to society in meaningful ways. He saw the inclusion of women in the workforce as crucial for the integration and stability of society, as all members are given roles that contribute to economic and social cohesion.

Question 15

(Work) what do these ongoing disparitues reveal

Answer 15

broader structural inequalities within the institution of work, demonstrating how legal reforms, while transformative, are insufficient to fully eliminate entrenched gender roles.