Changing Economic World - Geography Flashcards
What do we mean by LIC and give 3 characteristics?
LIC stands for Low-Income Country. Characteristics include:
* Low gross national income (GNI) per capita
* High poverty rates
* Limited access to education and healthcare
LICs often struggle with infrastructure and economic stability.
What do we mean by HIC and give three characteristics?
HIC stands for High-Income Country. Characteristics include:
* High gross national income (GNI) per capita
* Advanced technological infrastructure
* High standards of living
HICs usually have strong economies and low poverty rates.
What do we mean by NEE and give 3 characteristics?
NEE stands for Newly Emerging Economy. Characteristics include:
* Rapid economic growth
* Increasing industrialization
* Improving infrastructure and education
NEEs are transitioning towards developed status.
Define GNI per capita
GNI per capita is the gross national income divided by the population, indicating the average income per person in a country.
Define birth rate
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
Define death rate
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.
Define infant mortality
Infant mortality is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
Define life expectancy
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates.
Define literacy rate
Literacy rate is the percentage of people who can read and write in a specific age group.
Define Human Development Index (and give the 3 measures it uses)
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education level, and per capita income. The three measures are:
* Life expectancy at birth
* Education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling)
* Gross national income per capita
HDI provides a broader understanding of development beyond just economic indicators.
Why is Human Development Index the best measure of development?
HDI is considered the best measure of development because it encompasses multiple dimensions of human well-being, including health, education, and income.
What is the Demographic Transition Model (draw it)
The Demographic Transition Model describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.
Why do birth rates drop as a country moves through the DTM?
Birth rates drop due to increased access to education, family planning, and economic changes.
Why do death rates drop as a country moves through the DTM?
Death rates drop due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition.
Why is it better for the economy to be in stage 3 / 4 of the DTM?
Being in stage 3 or 4 indicates a stable population with low birth and death rates, leading to a more productive workforce and economic growth.
Why is it bad for the economy to be in stage 1 of the DTM?
In stage 1, high birth and death rates can lead to population instability and hinder economic development.
Why is it bad for the economy to be in stage 5 of the DTM?
Stage 5 can lead to population decline, labor shortages, and economic stagnation.
Give 2 physical causes of uneven development
Physical causes of uneven development include:
* Natural resource distribution
* Geographic barriers (e.g., mountains, oceans)
These factors can limit access to markets and opportunities.
Give 2 historical causes of uneven development
Historical causes of uneven development include:
* Colonialism
* Historical conflicts and wars
These events can disrupt economic growth and infrastructure development.
Give 2 economic causes of uneven development
Economic causes of uneven development include:
* Trade imbalances
* Lack of investment in certain regions
These factors can result in disparities in wealth and opportunities.
How does uneven development cause migration to occur?
Uneven development leads to migration as people move from areas of low opportunity to those with better economic prospects.
How does uneven development cause poor health?
Uneven development can lead to inadequate healthcare services, resulting in poorer health outcomes in underdeveloped areas.
How can investment reduce the development gap? (e.g. TNCs)
Investment from transnational corporations (TNCs) can create jobs, improve infrastructure, and stimulate local economies.
How can industrial development reduce the development gap? (e.g. China)
Industrial development can lead to job creation, increased productivity, and higher income levels.
How can aid reduce the development gap? (e.g. UK in Nigeria)
Aid can provide essential resources for education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.
How can using intermediate technology reduce the development gap? (e.g. wateraid)
Intermediate technology can provide affordable and sustainable solutions for basic needs, improving quality of life.
How can fairtrade reduce the development gap? (e.g. TNCs)
Fairtrade ensures that producers receive fair prices, promoting sustainable livelihoods and economic stability.
How can debt relief reduce the development gap? (e.g. in Nigeria)
Debt relief allows countries to allocate more resources towards development projects instead of debt repayment.
How can microfinance loans reduce the development gap? (e.g. Bangladesh)
Microfinance loans provide access to capital for small entrepreneurs, fostering economic growth and self-sufficiency.
How has tourism helped Tunisia develop?
Tourism has generated income, created jobs, and improved infrastructure in Tunisia.
Give two benefits and two negatives of using tourism to develop (Tunisia)
Benefits:
* Job creation
* Increased foreign exchange earnings
Negatives:
* Environmental degradation
* Cultural commodification
Tourism can lead to both economic growth and challenges.
Nigeria how important is it regionally? Give one idea.
Nigeria is a regional economic powerhouse in West Africa, influencing trade and politics.
Nigeria how important is it globally? Give one idea.
Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, significantly impacting global oil markets.
Nigeria what is its political context?
Nigeria has a complex political landscape with multiple ethnic groups and a history of military rule.
Nigeria what is its social context?
Nigeria is characterized by diverse cultures, languages, and religions, leading to both unity and conflict.
Nigeria what is its environmental context?
Nigeria faces environmental challenges such as deforestation, oil spills, and desertification.
Nigeria how has the manufacturing industry helped stimulate economic development?
The manufacturing industry has created jobs, boosted exports, and diversified the economy.
Nigeria give 3 advantages of Shell TNC.
Advantages of Shell TNC include:
* Job creation
* Infrastructure development
* Technology transfer
Shell’s operations can stimulate local economies.
Nigeria give 3 negatives of Shell TNC.
Negatives of Shell TNC include:
* Environmental degradation
* Exploitation of local communities
* Economic dependency
TNCs can have significant negative impacts on host countries.
Nigeria suggest 2 other countries that Nigeria has trading or political relationships with. What are those relationships?
Countries include:
* China (trade partnerships)
* United States (political alliances)
These relationships affect Nigeria’s economic and political landscape.
Nigeria how can aid be given? Suggest one benefit of aid.
Aid can be given through financial support and resources. A benefit of aid is improved access to education.
Nigeria suggest 2 negatives of aid.
Negatives of aid include:
* Dependency on external assistance
* Potential for corruption
Aid can sometimes create long-term challenges.
Nigeria suggest 2 environmental impacts of economic growth on the country.
Environmental impacts include:
* Increased pollution
* Habitat destruction
Economic growth can lead to significant environmental challenges.
Nigeria suggest 2 benefits of economic growth for the people.
Benefits of economic growth include:
* Increased job opportunities
* Higher standards of living
Economic growth can greatly enhance quality of life.
UK what is deindustrialisation and where has this occurred?
Deindustrialisation is the decline of manufacturing industries. It has occurred in regions like the North of England.
UK explain why the UK has deindustrialised?
The UK has deindustrialised due to globalization, technological advancements, and shifts to a service-based economy.
UK What is the post-industrial economy? Give four points.
The post-industrial economy is characterized by:
* Growth of service industries
* Decline of manufacturing
* Increased technology use
* Focus on knowledge-based sectors
This shift changes the labor market and economic focus.
UK name an example of where industrial development has been made more sustainable.
An example is the development of renewable energy technologies in the UK.
UK explain how your named example has made industry more sustainable.
Renewable energy technologies reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
UK give three benefits of rural population growth.
Benefits of rural population growth include:
* Increased local economic activity
* Improved community services
* Revitalization of local cultures
Population growth can bring vitality to rural areas.
UK give 3 negatives of rural population growth.
Negatives of rural population growth include:
* Strain on resources
* Increased property prices
* Potential loss of rural character
Growth can lead to challenges in rural management.
UK Give 3 benefits of rural population decline.
Benefits of rural population decline include:
* Reduced pressure on local resources
* Lower environmental impact
* Opportunities for land restoration
Decline can lead to environmental and social benefits.
UK Give 3 negatives of rural population decline.
Negatives of rural population decline include:
* Economic stagnation
* Loss of services and amenities
* Aging population
Decline can create significant challenges for rural areas.
UK What is the North-South divide and why does it exist?
The North-South divide refers to the economic disparity between Northern and Southern England, existing due to historical industrialization patterns.
UK How can developing new ports close the North-South divide?
Developing new ports can enhance trade and connectivity, boosting the economy in the North.
UK How can developing new airports close the North-South divide?
New airports can improve accessibility and attract business investments to the North.
UK How can developing new rail links (e.g. HS2) close the North-South divide?
New rail links can improve transportation efficiency, facilitating economic growth in the North.
