changing economic world - development gap Flashcards
1
Q
what is the development gap?
A
difference in standard of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries (can also be within different areas of a country)
2
Q
what factors affect development? (7)
A
- political divides
- conflict/war
- natural disaters
- soil fertility and climate
- corruption
- trade links/conections
- landlocked or coastal
3
Q
what are HICs?
A
- around 80 ‘high-income countries’
- in 2015, countries with average GNI/capita of over US$12 736 were considered HICs
-eg england
4
Q
what are NEEs?
A
- around 80 ‘newly emerging economies’
- have begun to experience higher rates of economic growth due to industrialisation
5
Q
who and what is BRICS?
A
- NEE subgroup
brazil
russia
india
china
south africa
( + iran, egypt, ethiopia, uae)
6
Q
who and what is MINT?
A
- NEE subgroup
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey
7
Q
what are LICs?
A
-around 30 ‘low income countries’
- in 2015, countries with average GNI/capita of US$1045 or below were considered LICs
- eg malawi
8
Q
what is development?
A
- a positive change that improves a situation
- gradual process
9
Q
what are 2 ways to measure the wealth of a country?
A
- Gross National Income (GNI)
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(per capita=per person)
10
Q
what is HDI and what does it measure?
A
- human development index
- composite measure made by UN which combines:
1. life expectacy
2. gni/capita
3. expected years of schooling
11
Q
what are the measures of development? (8)
A
- birth rate
- infant mortality rate
- number of doctors
- literacy rate
- % of population with access to safe water
- death rate
- obesity rate
- wealth (gni or gdp)
12
Q
what are the limitations of using only social/economic measures?
A
- informal economy may not be recorded, skewing data
- doesn’t way all factors equally
- difficult to collect data eg census every 10 years
13
Q
how can the development gap be measured through death rate?
A
- less reliable
- very developed counties might have high death rate due to dieases of affluence and aging population
14
Q
how can the development gap be measured through % of population with access to safe water?
A
shows whether a country has modern infrastructure like dams/ water treatement plants
15
Q
how can the development gap be measured through literacy rate?
A
reliable and useful to show gov investmet in education
16
Q
how can the development gap be measured through no. of doctors?
A
shows a country’s investment in education and healthcare
17
Q
what is the dtm?
A
demographic trasition model - theoretical model to how population changes (through birth,death rate and population growth) over time
18
Q
what is the birth rate?
A
number of live births/ 1000 people in an area/ year
19
Q
what is the death rate?
A
number of deaths/ 1000 people in an area/ year
20
Q
describe stage 1 of the DTM - why is it like that?
A
HIGH STATIONARY
- fluctuating/unstable population
- high birth rate (lack of cotraception)
- high death rate (poor sanitatio and healthcare)
- EG small indigineous communities like amazon rainforest tribes
21
Q
describe stage 2 of the DTM - why is it like that?
A
EARLY EXPANDING
- birth rate still high ( lack of contraception/societal norms)
- death rate decreasing (better access to health care )
- rapidly increasing population
-EG LICs like Afghanistan
22
Q
describe stage 3 of the DTM - why is it like that?
A
LATE EXPANDING
- falling birth rate (child labour laws means having many children is expensive instead of a source of income, better contraception)
- rapidly falling death rate (better health care and sanitation)
- population still increasing
- eg NEEs like nigeria
23
Q
describe stage 4 of the DTM - why is it like that?
A
LOW STATIONARY
- birth rate decreasing (societal norms, good access to eductation and contraception)
- steady death rate (good healthcare ageing population)
- population is still increasing but starting to level off
- eg HICs like uk and germany
24
Q
describe stage 5 of the DTM - why is it like that?
A
DECLINING
- low birth rate ( societal norms, great access to contraception and education, ageing population)
- rising death rate ( ageing population and disease of affluence)
- decreasing population
- eg HICs like japan
25
how is the dtm useful?
- shows correlations between population and development
- can be applied to all countries
- helpful for planning/ can help predict what will happen to a country as it develops
- flexible timescale
26
how is the dtm less useful?
- based on 'western' countries - may not fit all countries
- doesn't account for migration
27
what is quality of life?
- general well-being
- not only wealth, also built environment, physical and mental health
- not very quanitfiable
- can be measured via 'happy plaet index'
28
what is standard of living?
- level of wealth, comfort, material goodsand necessaties available to a certain socioeconomic classs in a certain geographic area
- easily quantifiable eg HDI
29
what is a low/high value of hdi?
0 - 1
closer to 1 = higher
over 0.8 = high HDI
eg japan = 0.919
under 0.5= low HDI
eg zimbabwe = 0.571
30
what is the dependent population?
those who don't work
- young dependents (u16)
- old dependents (over 65 - retired)
31
what is the working population
economically active (16-65), working
32
dependency ratio=?
% dependent population / % working population
33
what do population pyramids show?
structure of population by showing:
- total population
- % of people/ age group
- gender structure/age group
34
physical causes of uneven development (4)
1. weather conditions and climate
2. relief
3. water shortages
4. landlocked countries
35
economic causes of uneven development (2)
1. poverty
2. trade
36
historical causes of uneven development (3)
1. if a country was a **settler colony**, the colonisers may have developed the country eg its infrastructure
2. if a country was a **exploitation colony**, it would have been made dependent of its colonisers and have been exploited of many of its natural resources and labour which would not develop the country
3. if a country was a **coloniser**, it would have developed more from the economic gains of its empire
4. conflicts (lots of wars) in the past - takes a long time to rebuild country and its economy
37
what is the gini coefficient?
- shows internal development gaps within a country
- ratio with values 0-1
- 0 = wealth is distributed evenly and everybody has equal incomes
- 1=all of a country's income is controlled by 1 person
38
what are some disparities in health between LICs and HICs?
- deaths are among people aged 70yrs+
LICs = 2/10, HICs=7/10
- deaths are among u15
LICs=4/10, HICs= 1/100
- in LICs main cause of death is infectious diease whilst the only infectious cause of death in HICs is lung infection
39
why do people migrate?
PULL FACTORS:
- political stability
- good education, healthcare, infrastructure
- higher wages and employment opportunities
PUSH FACTORS:
-lack of economic opportunities
-war/conflict
- lack of housing
- extreme climate/atural disasters
40
what are the disadvantages of economic emmigration to the country of origin?
- loss of skilled, able workers after funding their education
-'brain drain'
- less tax money
- decrease in population
- increased dependency ratio
41
what are the advantages of economic immigration to the host country?
- create a multicultural society/ diversity
- pay taxes
- boost local economy
- often young, able, skilled workforce
- reduce depedecy ratio and ageing population
(eg many sectors of the uk economy rely on immigrants)
42
what are trading groups?
countries that group together to increase levels of trade by cutting tariffs and discouraging trade with non-members eg EU
43
what advantages are there for a poor country joining a trading group?
- encourages trade which boosts economy
- richer countries can't drive prices down
- members command a greater share of the market and get higher prices for their goods
44
what is agricultural subsidy?
- financial support from gov to help their farmers
- one of the main barriers for development since rich coutries can afford to pay subsidies so their products are cheaper than those in poorer countries
45
how is limited access to markets a barrier for trade and development?
- countries with better access to international markets can trade more easily, boosting their economies
- ladlocked countries or those withh poor trade infrastructure have less access to markets eading to slower growth?
46
how is a dependecy on primary commodities a barrier for trade and development?
- many LICs and NEEs rely on primary sector and exporting those natural resources/goods eg mining
- often lots of countries have same or similar goods which drives prices down further
- these goods have volotile prices which can lead to economic instability
47
how are trade barriers a barrier for trade and development?
- tariffs, quotas etc can limit a country's ability to trade
- developing countries often face higher barriers, making it harder for them to compete in global markets
48
how does investment and tech affect development?
- countries that attract foreign investment and tech can develop more rapidly
- however investment often goes to already developed regions leading to development gaps
49
how are unequal trade agreements a barrier for trade and development?
- can favour more developed countries
- increases disparities ad the devlopment gap between countries
50
what is top-down development?
- large scale projects
- inputs from gov, TNCs and global institutions
- benefits will trickle dow through economy so everybody benefits
- eg investmet
51
what is bottom-down development?
- small scale
- community/individual level development
- if people at the bottom have more money they will spend money in their local area and pay taxes boosting local economy
- eg microfinance loans
52
what types of aid are there? (6)
1. short term
2. bilateral
3. tied
4. long-term
5. volountary
6. multilateral
53
what is short term aid?
emergency aid usually in response to war/natural disasters
54
55
what is bilateral aid?
aid from one country to another, often tied
56
what is tied aid?
aid with certain conditions eg money has to be spent on donor country's products
57
what is multilateral aid?
richer govs give money to internatioal orgs which redistribute money to poorer countries
58
what is long-term aid?
sustainable aid which seeks to improve resiliece eg wells to reduce impact of droughts
59
what is voluntary aid?
moey donated by general public in richer countries and distributed by NGOs eg oxfam
60
61
what are quotas?
limit of quantity of goods that can be imported (usually primary products)
62
what is a tarrif?
- taxes paid on imported goods
- makes home-produced products more attractive
63
what is WTO and their aims?
world trade org aims to make trad easier and remove barriers
64
pros and cons of debt relief + eg
pros:
* money saved not paying debt can be used to develop the country
cons:
* countries could get into further debt in the future
* corrupt govs may keep the money instead of using it to develop
eg:
tanzania debt relief > investment in education > 66% increase in school attendance
65
pros and cons of industrial development
pros:
* employment opportunities
* higher wages
cons:
* poor working conditions?
* environmental impact
eg:
malasya industrialisation since 1970s
66
pros and cons of intermidiate tech
pros:
- bottom-up development that involves local communities
cons:
- jobs may be replaced by tech leadig to unemployment
- corrupt govs could not distribute tech well
eg:
adisn nifos village in northern ethiopia > built dam
67
pros and cons of microfinance loans
pros:
- creates job opportunities
- self sufficiency
cons:
- often loans don't go to the poorest because the loans have to be payed back
eg:
grameen bank, bagladesh > founded to help locals especially women
68
pros and cons of aid + eg
pros:
- can help develop the area either through money, building infrastructure or resources such as medical equipment
cons:
- corrupt govs could waste aid
- could cause dependency
eg:
oxfam's goat aid > bought families goats which could be used for meat, milk, manure and breeding
69
pros and cons of trade and fair trade + eg
pros:
- goods are paid an agreed minimum price
- premiums/other benefits help develop the area
cons:
- doesn't address issues of idustrialisation which could develop LICs
- since prices of these goods are more expesive, less could be bought in other countries
eg
divine > fairtrade chocolate company 44% owed by cocoa farmers
70
pros and cons of investment + eg
pros:
- provides income and job opportunities
- develops the country's industries, infrastructure and could improve harbours/ports/trade infrastructure
cons:
- could be exploiting country and acting in their own interest
eg
2000+ chinese companies have invested in africa > power plant in zambia, railway in sudan
71
what are some positive economic impacts of tourism in jamaica?
economic:
- income from tourism is us$2 bil/year
- provides 200,000 jobs for people either in hotels, transport,tourist attractions,shops,manufacturing and banking
- contributes to over 50% of jamaica's foreign exchange earnings
72
what are some negative economic impacts of tourism in jamaica?
- cruises spend less money but still use jamaica's services
- in 2019, 1.5mil cruise passegers pent $70/day compared to $120/day spent by the other 2.4 mil tourists
- often seasonal jobs centered around tourist areas, leaving unemployment in non-tourist areas
73
what are some positive social impacts of tourism in jamaica?
- led to high level of investment on north coast eg building of new port and cruise liner facilities in montego bay
- northern areas like montego bay and ocho rios have lots of wealthy jamaicans with high qol
74
what are some positive environmental impacts of tourism in jamaica?
environmental protection through national parks (tourist attraction)
75
what are some negative social impacts of tourism in jamaica?
- southern, non-tourist areas of jamaica remain undeveloped and more isolated creating a development gap within jamaica
- lots of poverty > many people live in poor housig with limited access to sanitation and clean water
76
what are some negative environmental impacts of tourism in jamaica?
- foot path erosion
- excessive waste
- cruise liners may disturb aquatic ecosystems
- harmful emissions
