Changing economic world Flashcards
Define development gap
The difference in standards of living around the world
Define development
Economic growth and improving living standards in a country (quality of life)
State 3 environmental/physical factors that can affect development
Location (landlocked)
Climate
Natural disaster
State 3 social factors that can affect development
Healthcare
Education
Living standards
State 4 economic factors that can affect development
Jobs availability
Job sector
Trade
Average pay
State 3 political factors that can affect development
Government
Colonialism
Trade/allies
Define gap instinct
Rich vs poor
Majority of the world live in between
State 3 positives of a choropleth map
Easy and quick to spot pattern
Simple , easy to read
Clear
State 4 negatives on using a choropleth map
Doesn’t give us specific data
Makes generalisations
Doesn’t name places
Some countries have no data
Define LIC
Give an example country
Low income country has GNI per capita of $1,045 or less a year
E.g Ethiopia
Define NEE
Give 2 country examples
Newly emerging economy has GNI per capita range between $1046 and $12,695
E.g China,Brazil,India
Economic development
Rapid industrialisation
Define HIC
Give a country example
High income country has GNI per capita $12,696 and above
E.g USA
What is GNI?
Gross national income
How much people earn and divide by how many people there are to get an average of how much people earn
State 2 pros of looking at the GNI
Average earned salary
Quickly shows us how much money a country has to develop
State 2 cons of looking at the GNI
Wealth isn’t distributed evenly
Might not be used to develop
What is the development indicator?
Development indicator is a way of measuring the quality of life within a country. We use them to compare countries and track change over time
State 9 development indicators
Access to clean water
Infant mortality rate
Death rate
Literacy rate
GNI per capita
Life expectancy
Birth rate
People per doctor
HDI(human development index)
Define access to clean water
% of population with access to clean ,safe drinking water
Define infant mortality rate
The number of infants dying before their first birthday , per 1,000 live births
Define death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 population per year
Define literacy rate
The percentage of adult population that can read and write
Define life expectancy
The age you are expected to live to in that country or area
Define birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 population per year
Define people per doctor
The number of doctors per 1000 population
Define HDI
A holistic measure which assess development by looking at education, healthcare and GNI. Country are given a score between 0 and 1. The closer the number is to 1 the more developed a country is
State 3 pros on looking at the HDI
It gives the full picture of life in a country
It shows hoe parts of society are interconnected
It reveals how economic growth is impacting social development
State 3 cons on looking at the HDI
It only includes 3 indicators
Countries may not always provide the correct data
HDI does not consider factors like war and corruptions and how they impact the development
The higher the GDP the lower the what?
The lower global hunger index
The lower global hinder index the higher the what?
The higher the GDP
Define standard of living
A tool to measure the level of comfort, material stuff, wealth and basic necessities
Define quality of life
The degree to which people of a certain country or state are healthy, happy and satisfied in their lives
Why can no single piece of data be entirely reliable?
Out of date
Hard to collect data
Unreliable
Average
What does establishing mean?
Doesn’t increase or decrease
Why do LICs have high birth rates?
No contraception
High infant mortality rate (Need replacement of babies)
Work (from a young age)
Equality in balance
Why do HICs have a low birth rate?
More women are career focused
Expensive to have a child (childcare)
They have a choice whether to have a baby or not
Why are death rates so high in LICs?
Lack of access to modern medicine
Bad healthcare
Not enough doctors
Lack of hospitals
Lack of health and safety
Poor hygiene
Poor nutrition
Why are death rates low in HICs?
Better healthcare
Access to clean water
Better resources
Education on healthy lifestyles
What are the birth rate and death rate like in stage one of the DMT model?
High brith rate
High death rate
What is the total population like in stage one of the DMT model?
Low total population
State an example of stage 1 countries on the DMT model
Indigenous tribes
E.g rural amazon
What are the birth and death rate like in stage 2 of the DMT model?
High birth rate
Falling death rate
What is the total population like in stage 2 of the DMT model?
Total population is increasing
Give a country example for the stage 2 in the DMT model
Afghanistan
What is the birth rate and death rate like in stage 3 of the DMT model?
Falling birth rate is decreasing rapidly
Death rate remains low
What is the total population like in stage 3 of the DMT model?
Total population is increasing
Give 2 examples of countries that represent stage 3 of the DMT model?
India
Mexico
What is the death rate and birth rate like in stage 4 of the DMT model?
Has a low fluctuating birth rate
Low fluctuating birth rate
What is the total population like in stage 4 of the DMT model?
Slow increase in the total population
Give 2 country examples that are in stage 4 of the DMT model?
USA
Australia
What are the birth and death rate like in stage 5 of the DMT model?
Natural decrease in birth rate
Slow increase in death rate
What is the total population like in stage 5 of the DMT model?
Decreasing slowing or increasing
Give a country example that is in stage 5 of the DMT model?
Germany
What is the affecting factor in stage 5 of the DMT model?
Aging population
What is the affecting factor in stage 2 of the DMT model?
Need helping working on the primary sector to earn money so having children can benefit (high birth rate)
(Falling death rate= access to clean water and modern medicine
What does fluctuating mean?
Change
What does job sectors look like in post industrial stage 4/5?
Primary and secondary decreases
Tertiary increases-70%
Quaternary starts to increase
What does DMT stand for?
Demographic transition model
State 3 criticisms on the demographic transition model
Based on changes that happened in the western countries
Does not consider how migration impacts population size
Does not consider unpredictable events, including pandemic or government policies
Define the cycle of poverty
Cycle, which means that people who are in poverty, find it difficult to get out of poverty and improve their quality of life
how can trade support development?
Boost economic growth
Creates jobs
Improve relationship with other countries
Improve reputation worldwide
How can trade hinder development?
LICs gets exploited
40km coastline but rest of the country is landlocked (DR Congo case study)
Danger linked to being a single export country
State 3 positive impact on health from being wealthy
Access to modern medicine
Better doctors
Better hospitals
State a positive impact on health from being poor
Don’t have access to fast food
State a negative impact on health from being wealthy
Poor diet- fast food
State 2 negatives impacts on health from being poor
Have less doctors
Don’t have access to modern medicine
Explain physical factors can lead to uneven development (6 marks)
One physical factor than can lead to uneven development is location. For example, countries such as Mali are landlocked and therefore do not have access to the coastline. This hiders development becuase not having access to the sea means it is very difficult to trade and to buy/sell goods. This will limit the amount of money a country can make which means that this country will have less money to invest in healthcare , infrastructure and education which means indicators such as literacy rate and life expectancy will not improve. This shows how a physical factor can negatively affect a country’s development.
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another. It can be voluntary or forced.
What is immigration?
When you move into a country
What is emigration ?
When you move out a country
What is an economic migrant?
Someone who moves for a better job or to earn more money
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who is awaiting permission to stay permanently in a country as it is not safe to return home
What is a refugee?
someone who has been given permission to stay permanently after fleeing their home country
Define a displaced person ?
a person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin
Define push factor
Push Factors are negative things that make people want to move to a new area
Define pull factor
Pull Factors are positive aspects that attract people to move to a place
State 4 push factors
War
Natural disaster
High prevalence of disease
Poor standards of medical care
State 8 pull factors
Higher paid jobs
Stable government
Better quality housing
To be closer to family and friends
More jobs available
Less discriminations e.g sexism, racism , homophobia
Less crime rates
Better access to clean water
Define strategies
A plan of action designed to achieve a long term or overall aim
State 4 intermediate technologies
Portable water drums
Hand water pumps
Nike ambulance
Solar cookers
Why will using portable water drums reduce the development gap in a LIC?
Easy access for water
Easy to use
Cheap to replace if broken
Less strenuous
Carry more water
Improve healthcare
Durable
Why will using hand water pumps reduce the development gap in a LIC?
Easy to use
Improve on community spirit
Cheap to fix if broken
Improves access to clean water
Less time is spent on getting water and this allows them to work or attend school
Why will using bike ambulances reduce the development gap in a LIC?
Easy to use
Get to hospital quicker
Improve health outcome
Why will using solar cookers reduce the development gap in a LIC?
Generate heat to cook (renewable energy)
Easy to use
Cheap
Improve nutrition
Define investment
Foreign-direct investment (FDI) is when government or big companies e.g TNCs invest in large projects e.g building roads / airports or industry e.g factories
What does FDI stand for?
Foreign-direct investment
What doesTNC stand for?
Transnational corporations
Define industrial development
Investing and improving the industrial base of a country, which leads to the multiplier effect- the ‘snow balling’ effect of improving the economy- one thing leads to another
Define tourism
Improving tourist attractions to encourage tourists to visit and spend money e.g Jamaica , Kenya , Tunisia . Etc
Define aid
A country or NGO (non-governmental organisation), e.g Oxfam , donates resources to another country. Types of aid include voluntary, bilateral (one government to another) and multilateral (various organisations).
What does NGO stand for?
Non-governmental organisation
Define ‘using intermediate technology’
Charities, such as Water Aid use intermediate technology e.g hand pumps to provide basic necessities to people. Technology must not be too advanced for people to use
Define fair trade
Producers receive a guaranteed fair wage for what they make , e.g bananas,coffee,cocoa,etc. even if there is a disease that wipes out crops one year , producers will still get paid. The better price farmers earn then improves their income and reduce exploitation
Define debt relief
Debts of LIC are cancelled so they can spend money on developing the country, e.g Haiti’s debt were cancelled for 5 years after the earthquake in 2010
Define micro-finance loans
Very small loans are given to people in LICs who might not have been able to lend money from traditional banks. These are used for people setting up their own businesses
Define natural increase
Birth rate is higher than death rate
Define natural decrease
Death rate is higher than birth rate
How would changing industrial structure reduce the development gap?
Get better paid jobs
→ improve health-care and education
Work less hours but getting paid more money
→More time , so you can find a second job
Define international aid
Is money given by a country or a world bank to help the quality of a life and economy of another country
Give 4 examples of different types of international aid?
Humanitarian
Disaster relief e.g earthquake
Economic e.g invest infrastructure
Healthcare
What are the 4 main reasons why countries might give international aid ?
Compensation e.g colonialism
Moral obligations
Political
Self interest e.g tied aid spend it i their country
Give 3 reasons why aid might be deemed unsuccessful
Corrupt government - steal money and keep it for themselves
Improve education but not a guaranteed a job
Wrong type of investment as it is not what they want
Give 3 reasons why aid might be deemed successful
Break the cycle of poverty
Improve infrastructure
Improve international relations
What is the difference between trade aid
Trade is buying goods off a country (indirect help)
Aid is giving money to a country for a reason e.g disaster relief (direct way to help development)
Define fair trade premium
Fairtrade Premium is an additional sum of money which goes into a communal fund for workers and farmers to use – as they see fit – to improve their social, economic and environmental conditions.
State an advantage and the impact of fair trade
Afford to buy advanced machinery
So
-less people are needed to work
-send kids to school
Describe the location of Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic is in North America . It is located above the equator and shares an island with Haiti . It is near the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
What has happened to the number of tourists visiting the Dominican public?
It has increased rapidly over the years
Why would people want to visit the Dominican public? Name 2 reasons why
Beach
Climate
Culture
In 1995 how many traveled to the Dominican Republic
1.8 million
By 2012, how many people travelled to the Dominican Republic ?
4.5 million
What are the dangers of relying on tourism?
Is there is a pandemic, tourist might not be able to visit = no income because tourism is the main source of income
Could be impacted by natural hazards= dangerous for people to visit =less tourist = less income therefore unreliable
War broke out
Competition with other tourist destinations in other countries
-having to make the place desirable
In 1971, what law did the government pass and what did it offer?
The tourism incentive law
Offering low-interest loans for people to build hotels and restaurants
How many hotels were there in the Dominican public in 1970?
1,134
How many hotels were there in the Dominican public in 1987?
Over 20,000
What are the positive impacts with more hotels being build?
If more hotels are built then, more people will come and travel, more people will then spend money in that country, that then leads to more income and that money can then be spend on making more activities for the tourist
In 2014 ,which campaign ran on social and on TVs in several continents?
Advertisement
State 3 pro’s of how tourism is helping with development
Tourist spend money in Dominican Republic which contributes to local economy (8$ million dollars each year)
Boosted jobs for local people (+4000,000) - 71% of people employed are in the tertiary sector
$10 tourist tax
-2 million a year
That money can be spent on local services
State 3 con’s of how tourism is helping with development
17% of GPD is generated through tourism so it is bad to rely on tourism
Using an example that you have studied , explain how tourism can close the development gap [6]
Tourism can close the development gap. The development gap is the difference in standards of living around the world. One case study, i have studied about is the Dominican Republic .
An example on how it can close the develoment gap through tourism is when tourist spends money in Dominican Republic. Which then contributes to the local economy. The local economy makes 8$ million dollars each year. From the money which is made by tourism can then be spent on improving healthcare and education. This then closes the development gap.
However, relying on tourism can make a bigger development gap because 17% of GDP is generated through tourism. This is bad because if there is a pandemic , then this will cut off the income.
When did India gain independence?
1947
What was Pakistan and India once part of?
The same country
What is India’s main religion ?
Hindu
How many times is India bigger than the uk?
13 times bigger
India has over how many official languages?
Over 22 official languages
Describe the location of India
India is located in the southern hemisphere-sphere. It is an Sian country and has border lines with Pakistan, china, Nepal and Bangladesh. It is located in the south of Asia and is near the Indian Ocean
Define globalisation
Is the process by which countries are becoming increasingly interconnected due to massively increasing trade and culture exchange
Describe India’s HDI score
It has a mid level HDI score of 0.64 , therefore there are large inequalities and over 20% of the population are still in poverty
Name the varied landscapes India has
Himalayan mountains in the north
Thar desert in north west
Floodplains and Ganges (fertile farmland)
Long coastline
What kind of government does India have?
Democratically elected government
What is the term called for India’s films, distinct music and dancing styles
Bollywood
Why is India classed as a NEE?
I would class India as a NEE because its HDI score is 0.61, which is mid level . This shows me that in India, it is still developing. One reason why i think India is not a HIC is because the infant mortality rate is 40.5. The infant mortality rate is The number of infants dying before their first birthday , per 1,000 live births . Compared to the UKs infant mortality rate which is 4. India has a way higher infant mortality rate . This tells me that the healthcare in India still needs improving
What kind of unique climate does most of India have?
Tropical monsoon climate
India has large _____ in the quality of life of its population .
Inequalities
Some of India are very ___ but the majority are ____?
Wealthy
Poor
List the stages of the DTM in order of largest population growth
3,4,2,5,1
Give reasons why micro finance loans is the least effective method to reduce development gap
I think microfinance loans is the least effective method to reduce the development gap because it only helps on small scale. There is also a chance of the crops getting destroyed by the weather. It only lets them earn enough money to live off and not extra money on developing but also after earning the money they need to give it back. It doesnt let them escape the poverty cycle.
Give a reason why debt relief is the most effective method to reduce the development gap
I think debt relief is the most effective method to reduce the development gap because it allows the country to use the money on developing other things like healthcare and education.
Describe the poverty rates in India
India has high rates of poverty in the east . For example, Raipur has 35-40% of the population living in population. However, Gangtok is located in the East but is not living in poverty
Describe the female literacy rates in India
Generally, the south-west of India has the highest female literacy rate. For example,Kerala has a percentage of 90-92.0% for its female literacy rate. However, India has an anomaly because to the east of India a state name Tripura has a female literacy rate of 80-89.9%. In general the lower the poverty the higher the education.
Describe the life expectancy in India
Generally in central India, is where the lowest life expectancy is found. An example state would be Raipur with a life expectancy of age 61 to 64. However, there is an anomaly with Guwahati located to the east side of India with a life expectancy of 61 to 64.
Why are more people in India moving from rural to urban areas?
There are more people moving from rural to urban areas because in urban areas people can get better paid jobs compared to the rural. People would be working in secondary job sectors in Urban areas but people in rural areas would be fishing or farming.
Define economic structure
The percentage of population working in each type of economic sector
What does GDP stand for?
Gross domestic products
Define transnational corporation (TNC)
A company that operates in more than one country. Company’s headquarters are found in the country of origin (HIC) and their manufacturing bases are found in a different country (LIC) (NEE)
How can TNCs boost economic development?
Pay tax to the NEE/LIC
→ This improves economy
→ More money to improve services
→ This is called a positive multiplier effect
Improve infrastructure
→ Set up roads, airports, ports
Individuals gets paid more
What is the TNC called in India？(case study)
Unilever
When did Unilever ,a TNC, began operating in India？
1933
How many people has Unilever employed and what does this allow?
18,000 people will a secure job and income . Allowing people to improve their quality of life (positive multiplier effect)
