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Geography > Changing economic world > Flashcards

Changing economic world Flashcards

1
Q

Define development gap

A

The difference in standards of living around the world

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2
Q

Define development

A

Economic growth and improving living standards in a country (quality of life)

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3
Q

State 3 environmental/physical factors that can affect development

A

Location (landlocked)
Climate
Natural disaster

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4
Q

State 3 social factors that can affect development

A

Healthcare
Education
Living standards

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5
Q

State 4 economic factors that can affect development

A

Jobs availability
Job sector
Trade
Average pay

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6
Q

State 3 political factors that can affect development

A

Government
Colonialism
Trade/allies

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7
Q

Define gap instinct

A

Rich vs poor
Majority of the world live in between

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8
Q

State 3 positives of a choropleth map

A

Easy and quick to spot pattern
Simple , easy to read
Clear

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9
Q

State 4 negatives on using a choropleth map

A

Doesn’t give us specific data
Makes generalisations
Doesn’t name places
Some countries have no data

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10
Q

Define LIC
Give an example country

A

Low income country has GNI per capita of $1,045 or less a year
E.g Ethiopia

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11
Q

Define NEE
Give 2 country examples

A

Newly emerging economy has GNI per capita range between $1046 and $12,695
E.g China,Brazil,India
Economic development
Rapid industrialisation

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12
Q

Define HIC
Give a country example

A

High income country has GNI per capita $12,696 and above
E.g USA

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13
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross national income
How much people earn and divide by how many people there are to get an average of how much people earn

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14
Q

State 2 pros of looking at the GNI

A

Average earned salary
Quickly shows us how much money a country has to develop

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15
Q

State 2 cons of looking at the GNI

A

Wealth isn’t distributed evenly
Might not be used to develop

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16
Q

What is the development indicator?

A

Development indicator is a way of measuring the quality of life within a country. We use them to compare countries and track change over time

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17
Q

State 9 development indicators

A

Access to clean water
Infant mortality rate
Death rate
Literacy rate
GNI per capita
Life expectancy
Birth rate
People per doctor
HDI(human development index)

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18
Q

Define access to clean water

A

% of population with access to clean ,safe drinking water

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19
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

The number of infants dying before their first birthday , per 1,000 live births

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20
Q

Define death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 population per year

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21
Q

Define literacy rate

A

The percentage of adult population that can read and write

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22
Q

Define life expectancy

A

The age you are expected to live to in that country or area

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23
Q

Define birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 population per year

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24
Q

Define people per doctor

A

The number of doctors per 1000 population

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25
Q

Define HDI

A

A holistic measure which assess development by looking at education, healthcare and GNI. Country are given a score between 0 and 1. The closer the number is to 1 the more developed a country is

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26
Q

State 3 pros on looking at the HDI

A

It gives the full picture of life in a country
It shows hoe parts of society are interconnected
It reveals how economic growth is impacting social development

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27
Q

State 3 cons on looking at the HDI

A

It only includes 3 indicators
Countries may not always provide the correct data
HDI does not consider factors like war and corruptions and how they impact the development

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28
Q

The higher the GDP the lower the what?

A

The lower global hunger index

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29
Q

The lower global hinder index the higher the what?

A

The higher the GDP

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29
Q

Define standard of living

A

A tool to measure the level of comfort, material stuff, wealth and basic necessities

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30
Q

Define quality of life

A

The degree to which people of a certain country or state are healthy, happy and satisfied in their lives

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31
Q

Why can no single piece of data be entirely reliable?

A

Out of date
Hard to collect data
Unreliable
Average

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32
Q

What does establishing mean?

A

Doesn’t increase or decrease

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33
Q

Why do LICs have high birth rates?

A

No contraception
High infant mortality rate (Need replacement of babies)
Work (from a young age)
Equality in balance

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34
Q

Why do HICs have a low birth rate?

A

More women are career focused
Expensive to have a child (childcare)
They have a choice whether to have a baby or not

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35
Q

Why are death rates so high in LICs?

A

Lack of access to modern medicine
Bad healthcare
Not enough doctors
Lack of hospitals
Lack of health and safety
Poor hygiene
Poor nutrition

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36
Q

Why are death rates low in HICs?

A

Better healthcare
Access to clean water
Better resources
Education on healthy lifestyles

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37
Q

What are the birth rate and death rate like in stage one of the DMT model?

A

High brith rate
High death rate

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38
Q

What is the total population like in stage one of the DMT model?

A

Low total population

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39
Q

State an example of stage 1 countries on the DMT model

A

Indigenous tribes
E.g rural amazon

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40
Q

What are the birth and death rate like in stage 2 of the DMT model?

A

High birth rate
Falling death rate

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41
Q

What is the total population like in stage 2 of the DMT model?

A

Total population is increasing

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42
Q

Give a country example for the stage 2 in the DMT model

A

Afghanistan

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43
Q

What is the birth rate and death rate like in stage 3 of the DMT model?

A

Falling birth rate is decreasing rapidly
Death rate remains low

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44
Q

What is the total population like in stage 3 of the DMT model?

A

Total population is increasing

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45
Q

Give 2 examples of countries that represent stage 3 of the DMT model?

A

India
Mexico

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46
Q

What is the death rate and birth rate like in stage 4 of the DMT model?

A

Has a low fluctuating birth rate
Low fluctuating birth rate

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47
Q

What is the total population like in stage 4 of the DMT model?

A

Slow increase in the total population

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48
Q

Give 2 country examples that are in stage 4 of the DMT model?

A

USA
Australia

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49
Q

What are the birth and death rate like in stage 5 of the DMT model?

A

Natural decrease in birth rate
Slow increase in death rate

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50
Q

What is the total population like in stage 5 of the DMT model?

A

Decreasing slowing or increasing

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51
Q

Give a country example that is in stage 5 of the DMT model?

A

Germany

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52
Q

What is the affecting factor in stage 5 of the DMT model?

A

Aging population

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53
Q

What is the affecting factor in stage 2 of the DMT model?

A

Need helping working on the primary sector to earn money so having children can benefit (high birth rate)
(Falling death rate= access to clean water and modern medicine

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54
Q

What does fluctuating mean?

A

Change

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55
Q

What does job sectors look like in post industrial stage 4/5?

A

Primary and secondary decreases
Tertiary increases-70%
Quaternary starts to increase

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56
Q

What does DMT stand for?

A

Demographic transition model

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57
Q

State 3 criticisms on the demographic transition model

A

Based on changes that happened in the western countries
Does not consider how migration impacts population size
Does not consider unpredictable events, including pandemic or government policies

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58
Q

Define the cycle of poverty

A

Cycle, which means that people who are in poverty, find it difficult to get out of poverty and improve their quality of life

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59
Q

how can trade support development?

A

Boost economic growth
Creates jobs
Improve relationship with other countries
Improve reputation worldwide

60
Q

How can trade hinder development?

A

LICs gets exploited
40km coastline but rest of the country is landlocked (DR Congo case study)
Danger linked to being a single export country

61
Q

State 3 positive impact on health from being wealthy

A

Access to modern medicine
Better doctors
Better hospitals

62
Q

State a positive impact on health from being poor

A

Don’t have access to fast food

63
Q

State a negative impact on health from being wealthy

A

Poor diet- fast food

64
Q

State 2 negatives impacts on health from being poor

A

Have less doctors
Don’t have access to modern medicine

65
Q

Explain physical factors can lead to uneven development (6 marks)

A

One physical factor than can lead to uneven development is location. For example, countries such as Mali are landlocked and therefore do not have access to the coastline. This hiders development becuase not having access to the sea means it is very difficult to trade and to buy/sell goods. This will limit the amount of money a country can make which means that this country will have less money to invest in healthcare , infrastructure and education which means indicators such as literacy rate and life expectancy will not improve. This shows how a physical factor can negatively affect a country’s development.

66
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one place to another. It can be voluntary or forced.

67
Q

What is immigration?

A

When you move into a country

68
Q

What is emigration ?

A

When you move out a country

69
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

Someone who moves for a better job or to earn more money

70
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

Someone who is awaiting permission to stay permanently in a country as it is not safe to return home

71
Q

What is a refugee?

A

someone who has been given permission to stay permanently after fleeing their home country

72
Q

Define a displaced person ?

A

a person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin

73
Q

Define push factor

A

Push Factors are negative things that make people want to move to a new area

74
Q

Define pull factor

A

Pull Factors are positive aspects that attract people to move to a place

75
Q

State 4 push factors

A

War
Natural disaster
High prevalence of disease
Poor standards of medical care

76
Q

State 8 pull factors

A

Higher paid jobs
Stable government
Better quality housing
To be closer to family and friends
More jobs available
Less discriminations e.g sexism, racism , homophobia
Less crime rates
Better access to clean water

77
Q

Define strategies

A

A plan of action designed to achieve a long term or overall aim

78
Q

State 4 intermediate technologies

A

Portable water drums
Hand water pumps
Nike ambulance
Solar cookers

79
Q

Why will using portable water drums reduce the development gap in a LIC?

A

Easy access for water
Easy to use
Cheap to replace if broken
Less strenuous
Carry more water
Improve healthcare
Durable

80
Q

Why will using hand water pumps reduce the development gap in a LIC?

A

Easy to use
Improve on community spirit
Cheap to fix if broken
Improves access to clean water
Less time is spent on getting water and this allows them to work or attend school

81
Q

Why will using bike ambulances reduce the development gap in a LIC?

A

Easy to use
Get to hospital quicker
Improve health outcome

82
Q

Why will using solar cookers reduce the development gap in a LIC?

A

Generate heat to cook (renewable energy)
Easy to use
Cheap
Improve nutrition

83
Q

Define investment

A

Foreign-direct investment (FDI) is when government or big companies e.g TNCs invest in large projects e.g building roads / airports or industry e.g factories

84
Q

What does FDI stand for?

A

Foreign-direct investment

85
Q

What doesTNC stand for?

A

Transnational corporations

86
Q

Define industrial development

A

Investing and improving the industrial base of a country, which leads to the multiplier effect- the ‘snow balling’ effect of improving the economy- one thing leads to another

87
Q

Define tourism

A

Improving tourist attractions to encourage tourists to visit and spend money e.g Jamaica , Kenya , Tunisia . Etc

88
Q

Define aid

A

A country or NGO (non-governmental organisation), e.g Oxfam , donates resources to another country. Types of aid include voluntary, bilateral (one government to another) and multilateral (various organisations).

89
Q

What does NGO stand for?

A

Non-governmental organisation

90
Q

Define ‘using intermediate technology’

A

Charities, such as Water Aid use intermediate technology e.g hand pumps to provide basic necessities to people. Technology must not be too advanced for people to use

91
Q

Define fair trade

A

Producers receive a guaranteed fair wage for what they make , e.g bananas,coffee,cocoa,etc. even if there is a disease that wipes out crops one year , producers will still get paid. The better price farmers earn then improves their income and reduce exploitation

92
Q

Define debt relief

A

Debts of LIC are cancelled so they can spend money on developing the country, e.g Haiti’s debt were cancelled for 5 years after the earthquake in 2010

93
Q

Define micro-finance loans

A

Very small loans are given to people in LICs who might not have been able to lend money from traditional banks. These are used for people setting up their own businesses

94
Q

Define natural increase

A

Birth rate is higher than death rate

95
Q

Define natural decrease

A

Death rate is higher than birth rate

96
Q

How would changing industrial structure reduce the development gap?

A

Get better paid jobs
→ improve health-care and education
Work less hours but getting paid more money
→More time , so you can find a second job

97
Q

Define international aid

A

Is money given by a country or a world bank to help the quality of a life and economy of another country

98
Q

Give 4 examples of different types of international aid?

A

Humanitarian
Disaster relief e.g earthquake
Economic e.g invest infrastructure
Healthcare

99
Q

What are the 4 main reasons why countries might give international aid ?

A

Compensation e.g colonialism
Moral obligations
Political
Self interest e.g tied aid spend it i their country

100
Q

Give 3 reasons why aid might be deemed unsuccessful

A

Corrupt government - steal money and keep it for themselves
Improve education but not a guaranteed a job
Wrong type of investment as it is not what they want

101
Q

Give 3 reasons why aid might be deemed successful

A

Break the cycle of poverty
Improve infrastructure
Improve international relations

102
Q

What is the difference between trade aid

A

Trade is buying goods off a country (indirect help)
Aid is giving money to a country for a reason e.g disaster relief (direct way to help development)

103
Q

Define fair trade premium

A

Fairtrade Premium is an additional sum of money which goes into a communal fund for workers and farmers to use – as they see fit – to improve their social, economic and environmental conditions.

104
Q

State an advantage and the impact of fair trade

A

Afford to buy advanced machinery
So
-less people are needed to work
-send kids to school

105
Q

Describe the location of Dominican Republic

A

Dominican Republic is in North America . It is located above the equator and shares an island with Haiti . It is near the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea

106
Q

What has happened to the number of tourists visiting the Dominican public?

A

It has increased rapidly over the years

107
Q

Why would people want to visit the Dominican public? Name 2 reasons why

A

Beach
Climate
Culture

108
Q

In 1995 how many traveled to the Dominican Republic

A

1.8 million

109
Q

By 2012, how many people travelled to the Dominican Republic ?

A

4.5 million

110
Q

What are the dangers of relying on tourism?

A

Is there is a pandemic, tourist might not be able to visit = no income because tourism is the main source of income
Could be impacted by natural hazards= dangerous for people to visit =less tourist = less income therefore unreliable
War broke out
Competition with other tourist destinations in other countries
-having to make the place desirable

111
Q

In 1971, what law did the government pass and what did it offer?

A

The tourism incentive law
Offering low-interest loans for people to build hotels and restaurants

112
Q

How many hotels were there in the Dominican public in 1970?

A

1,134

113
Q

How many hotels were there in the Dominican public in 1987?

A

Over 20,000

114
Q

What are the positive impacts with more hotels being build?

A

If more hotels are built then, more people will come and travel, more people will then spend money in that country, that then leads to more income and that money can then be spend on making more activities for the tourist

115
Q

In 2014 ,which campaign ran on social and on TVs in several continents?

A

Advertisement

116
Q

State 3 pro’s of how tourism is helping with development

A

Tourist spend money in Dominican Republic which contributes to local economy (8$ million dollars each year)
Boosted jobs for local people (+4000,000) - 71% of people employed are in the tertiary sector
$10 tourist tax
-2 million a year
That money can be spent on local services

117
Q

State 3 con’s of how tourism is helping with development

A

17% of GPD is generated through tourism so it is bad to rely on tourism

118
Q

Using an example that you have studied , explain how tourism can close the development gap [6]

A

Tourism can close the development gap. The development gap is the difference in standards of living around the world. One case study, i have studied about is the Dominican Republic .

An example on how it can close the develoment gap through tourism is when tourist spends money in Dominican Republic. Which then contributes to the local economy. The local economy makes 8$ million dollars each year. From the money which is made by tourism can then be spent on improving healthcare and education. This then closes the development gap.

However, relying on tourism can make a bigger development gap because 17% of GDP is generated through tourism. This is bad because if there is a pandemic , then this will cut off the income.

119
Q

When did India gain independence?

A

1947

120
Q

What was Pakistan and India once part of?

A

The same country

121
Q

What is India’s main religion ?

A

Hindu

122
Q

How many times is India bigger than the uk?

A

13 times bigger

123
Q

India has over how many official languages?

A

Over 22 official languages

124
Q

Describe the location of India

A

India is located in the southern hemisphere-sphere. It is an Sian country and has border lines with Pakistan, china, Nepal and Bangladesh. It is located in the south of Asia and is near the Indian Ocean

125
Q

Define globalisation

A

Is the process by which countries are becoming increasingly interconnected due to massively increasing trade and culture exchange

126
Q

Describe India’s HDI score

A

It has a mid level HDI score of 0.64 , therefore there are large inequalities and over 20% of the population are still in poverty

127
Q

Name the varied landscapes India has

A

Himalayan mountains in the north
Thar desert in north west
Floodplains and Ganges (fertile farmland)
Long coastline

128
Q

What kind of government does India have?

A

Democratically elected government

129
Q

What is the term called for India’s films, distinct music and dancing styles

A

Bollywood

130
Q

Why is India classed as a NEE?

A

I would class India as a NEE because its HDI score is 0.61, which is mid level . This shows me that in India, it is still developing. One reason why i think India is not a HIC is because the infant mortality rate is 40.5. The infant mortality rate is The number of infants dying before their first birthday , per 1,000 live births . Compared to the UKs infant mortality rate which is 4. India has a way higher infant mortality rate . This tells me that the healthcare in India still needs improving

131
Q

What kind of unique climate does most of India have?

A

Tropical monsoon climate

132
Q

India has large _____ in the quality of life of its population .

A

Inequalities

133
Q

Some of India are very ___ but the majority are ____?

A

Wealthy
Poor

134
Q

List the stages of the DTM in order of largest population growth

A

3,4,2,5,1

135
Q

Give reasons why micro finance loans is the least effective method to reduce development gap

A

I think microfinance loans is the least effective method to reduce the development gap because it only helps on small scale. There is also a chance of the crops getting destroyed by the weather. It only lets them earn enough money to live off and not extra money on developing but also after earning the money they need to give it back. It doesnt let them escape the poverty cycle.

136
Q

Give a reason why debt relief is the most effective method to reduce the development gap

A

I think debt relief is the most effective method to reduce the development gap because it allows the country to use the money on developing other things like healthcare and education.

137
Q

Describe the poverty rates in India

A

India has high rates of poverty in the east . For example, Raipur has 35-40% of the population living in population. However, Gangtok is located in the East but is not living in poverty

138
Q

Describe the female literacy rates in India

A

Generally, the south-west of India has the highest female literacy rate. For example,Kerala has a percentage of 90-92.0% for its female literacy rate. However, India has an anomaly because to the east of India a state name Tripura has a female literacy rate of 80-89.9%. In general the lower the poverty the higher the education.

139
Q

Describe the life expectancy in India

A

Generally in central India, is where the lowest life expectancy is found. An example state would be Raipur with a life expectancy of age 61 to 64. However, there is an anomaly with Guwahati located to the east side of India with a life expectancy of 61 to 64.

140
Q

Why are more people in India moving from rural to urban areas?

A

There are more people moving from rural to urban areas because in urban areas people can get better paid jobs compared to the rural. People would be working in secondary job sectors in Urban areas but people in rural areas would be fishing or farming.

141
Q

Define economic structure

A

The percentage of population working in each type of economic sector

142
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Gross domestic products

143
Q

Define transnational corporation (TNC)

A

A company that operates in more than one country. Company’s headquarters are found in the country of origin (HIC) and their manufacturing bases are found in a different country (LIC) (NEE)

144
Q

How can TNCs boost economic development?

A

Pay tax to the NEE/LIC
→ This improves economy
→ More money to improve services
→ This is called a positive multiplier effect
Improve infrastructure
→ Set up roads, airports, ports
Individuals gets paid more

145
Q

What is the TNC called in India？(case study)

A

Unilever

146
Q

When did Unilever ,a TNC, began operating in India？

A

1933

147
Q

How many people has Unilever employed and what does this allow?

A

18,000 people will a secure job and income . Allowing people to improve their quality of life (positive multiplier effect)

148
Q
A

Geography (3 decks)

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