Changing economic world Flashcards
what is the demographic transitional model and what does it do
(google a picture)
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) shows how the population of a country changes throughout economic development as birth and death rates change.
A country’s population grows when the birth rate is above the death rate. This is ‘natural increase’.
A country’s population shrinks when the birth rate is below the death rate. This is ‘natural decrease
list the ways development can be measured
GNI(grosss national income) is the total amount of money a country makes
death rate
birth rate
literacy rate
number of people per doctor
life expectancy
what happens in stage 1 of the demographic transitional model
In Stage 1, birth rates are very high. High infant mortality means that not many children survive to adulthood so people have lots of children. People are also poor and don’t have access to contraception like condoms.
In Stage 1, death rates are also high. There aren’t many doctors, hospitals, and many people may not have been to school and don’t understand diseases and how they spread
what happens in stage 2 of the demographic transitional model
In Stage 2, the death rate begins to fall. This can be because of improving people’s basic understanding of diseases by educating them and by improving health systems. Diets and nutrition are likely to improve as people become less malnourished.
Birth rates stay high because people do not yet know that their children are likely to live for longer. Also, Stage 2 nations usually have a lot of jobs in agriculture, so having lots of children is advantageous
what happens in stage 3 of the demographic transitional model
In Stage 3, birth rates are falling to the level of death rates.
Improved access to contraception, belief that your children will survive to adulthood and increased female education all lead to falling birth rates.
Often Stage 3 economies focus on manufacturing (like Vietnam and India), so having lots of children to work on farms dies out.
Healthcare systems continue to improve so death rates fall
what happens in stage 4 and 5 of the demographic transitional model
The UK is in Stage 4. Japan is the only major HIC in Stage 5, with its population declining.
Birth rates are low because of low infant mortality, good access to contraception, and equality of access to education.
Death rates are low because of good healthcare systems, high levels of education, and high incomes
which physical factors are bad for economic development
the climate of a country is bad for development because if it is too hot or too cold it is hard for crops to grow and people to preform jobs this stops a population building up,
infertile land stops crops from growing once again leading to a low population,
if a country is land locked then it is hard for it to trade and develop its economy that way, if a country has no natural resources it is had for it to develop but if a country has too many natural resources it can lead to corruption which is bad for economic development and frequent natural disasters leads to country rebuilding not developing
what historical factors are bad for development
Some nations were colonised in the past.
Spain and Portugal ruled lots of Latin America, and England, France & the Netherlands ruled a lot of Asia and Africa.
Nigeria became independent from the United Kingdom in 1960.
Often the benefits of cheap labour and raw materials flowed to colonial rulers, rather than the colonised nations themselves.
Wars damage countries’ infrastructure badly.
After World War 2, Marshall Aid was American funding which helped rebuild a lot of Europe. However, without this funding, development would have been slower.
what are the economic causes of uneven development
Less developed nations generally export the primary good instead of ‘adding value’ to the products themselves,
Poor countries often borrow money to build infrastructure and develop their economies.
But because they are poor countries, lending to them is risky. Because of this, they have to pay a higher interest rate on their loans,
transport infrastructure and other key infrastructures are key in order to create an economy that can trade and export
what are the consequences of uneven development
income(both international and personal),Developed countries have better healthcare systems, more doctors and hospitals, and higher life expectancies than less developed nations, In Malawi the infant mortality rate is 35 per 1,000 births. In the UK it is 4. People try to migrate to nations with a better quality of life (and usually nations with a better quality of life are more developed and higher income).The average income (salary) in the USA is $27,000 per year (it is only $10,000 in Mexico).
how can Aid reduce the development gap
Aid can come from governments or from charitable foundations,Aid can come from governments or from charitable foundations,This foreign aid can be spent on basic healthcare supplies, vaccinations, food, water, infrastructure projects, The UK gives 0.7% of GNI as aid to foreign countries.
how can intermediate technology reduce the development gap
intermediate technology does not require much government support or many institutions for it to be used.
Products like solar cookers, solar-powered LED lights, water filtration systems, and more effective water pumps are all examples of intermediate technologies, These innovations can improve and save lives without much government support.
how can dept relief reduce the development gap
dept relief can allow poorer countries to focus on lessening the development gap instead of paying of dept,n 2005, Malawi was spending 9.6% of its GNI on paying its debts & interest. This was double Malawi’s spending on healthcare.
how can fair trade reduce the development gap
The fair trade Foundation was created in 1997, the fair trade foundation helps poorer countries by aiming to pay farmers fairly for the goods that they produce, this increases farmers’ quality of life, by asking consumers to pay more money for fair trade products.
how can industrial development reduce the development gap
Industrial development includes improving a country’s exports, improving infrastructure, improving a workforce’s skills and having a strategy to increase productivity, grow and export, South Korea’s Ministry of Culture has contributed to the rise of K-Pop and other Korean exports, whilst Singapore’s industrial strategy has focused on physical trade, zero corruption, and professional services.
