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geography paper 2 > changing economic world > Flashcards

changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

what is development?

A

Development is when a country is improving

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2
Q

what are the development indicators?

A

-Gross National Income (GNI)
-GNI per head/capita
-Birth/ Death rate
-Infant mortality rate
-People per doctor
-Literacy rate
-Access to clean water
-Life expectancy

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3
Q

what are HICs?

A

High Income Countries
examples: UK, USA, Canada, France

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4
Q

what are LICs?

A

Low Income Counties
examples: Uganda, Afghanistan, Somalia

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5
Q

what are NEEs?

A

Newly Emerging Economies
examples: Nigeria, Brazil, Turkey

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6
Q

what does HDI stand for?

A

Human Development Index

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7
Q

how is the HDI of a country calculated?

A

HDI uses GNI per head, life expectancy, and education level

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8
Q

what are the HDI country values between?

A

0 and 1

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9
Q

what does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) show?

A

Birth rate, Death rates and Population

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10
Q

characteristics of stage 1 of the DTM

A

birth rate: high and fluctuating
death rate: high and fluctuating
population growth rate: zero
population size: low and steady
countries: tribes in brazil

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11
Q

characteristics of stage 2 of the DTM

A

birth rate: high and steady
death rate: rapidly falling
population growth rate: very high
population size: rapidly increasing
countries: Gambia

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12
Q

characteristics of stage 3 of the DTM

A

birth rate: rapidly falling
death rate: slowly falling
population growth rate: high
population size: increasing
countries: India

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13
Q

characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM

A

birth rate: low and fluctuating
death rate: low and fluctuating
population growth rate: zero
population size: high and steady
countries: UK

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14
Q

characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM

A

birth rate: slowly falling
death rate: low and steady
population growth rate: negative
population size: slowly falling
countries: Japan

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15
Q

PHYSICAL factors of uneven development

A

-poor climate
-poor farming land
-few raw materials
-lots of natural disasters

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16
Q

ECONOMIC factors of uneven development

A

-poor trade links
-lots of debt
-an economy based on primary products

17
Q

HISTORICAL factors of uneven development

A

-colonisation
-conflict

18
Q

what are the consequences of uneven development? (inequalities)

A

-inequalities in wealth
-inequalities in health
-international migration

19
Q

what are the strategies to reduce the development gap?

A

-aid
-investment
-fairtrade
-using intermediate technology
-microfinance loans
-industrial development

20
Q

what are TNCs?

A

Transnational Corporations

21
Q

where are TNCs usually located?

A

lower income countries

22
Q

what are the advantages of TNCs?

A

-provide employment
-TNCs have to pay tax to local government
-can improve development

23
Q

what are the disadvantages of TNCs?

A

-most profits go overseas
-can cause environmental issues
-low pay and poor conditions

24
Q

which TNC is located in Nigeria?

A

shell

25
Q

what is short-term aid?

A

money and supplies are given to help countries cope with emergencies. such as after a natural disaster

26
Q

what is long-term aid?

A

money is invested in longer-term projects to help countries become more developed. can be used to improve infrastructure or education

27
Q

what is top-down aid?

A

an organisation or the government decides how the aid should be used

28
Q

what is the disadvantage of top-down aid?

A

projects can improve the country’s economy, but may not help the poorest people or be supported by the local people

29
Q

what is bottom-up aid?

A

money or supplies are given directly to local communities so they can decide how to use aid themselves. can improve health, skills and income in poor countries

30
Q

what are the 4 types of employment?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

31
Q

what are the main changes in the employment structure?

A

-de-industrialisation
-globalisation
-government policies

geography paper 2 (2 decks)

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