changing economic world Flashcards
what is development?
Development is when a country is improving
what are the development indicators?
-Gross National Income (GNI)
-GNI per head/capita
-Birth/ Death rate
-Infant mortality rate
-People per doctor
-Literacy rate
-Access to clean water
-Life expectancy
what are HICs?
High Income Countries
examples: UK, USA, Canada, France
what are LICs?
Low Income Counties
examples: Uganda, Afghanistan, Somalia
what are NEEs?
Newly Emerging Economies
examples: Nigeria, Brazil, Turkey
what does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
how is the HDI of a country calculated?
HDI uses GNI per head, life expectancy, and education level
what are the HDI country values between?
0 and 1
what does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) show?
Birth rate, Death rates and Population
characteristics of stage 1 of the DTM
birth rate: high and fluctuating
death rate: high and fluctuating
population growth rate: zero
population size: low and steady
countries: tribes in brazil
characteristics of stage 2 of the DTM
birth rate: high and steady
death rate: rapidly falling
population growth rate: very high
population size: rapidly increasing
countries: Gambia
characteristics of stage 3 of the DTM
birth rate: rapidly falling
death rate: slowly falling
population growth rate: high
population size: increasing
countries: India
characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM
birth rate: low and fluctuating
death rate: low and fluctuating
population growth rate: zero
population size: high and steady
countries: UK
characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM
birth rate: slowly falling
death rate: low and steady
population growth rate: negative
population size: slowly falling
countries: Japan
PHYSICAL factors of uneven development
-poor climate
-poor farming land
-few raw materials
-lots of natural disasters
ECONOMIC factors of uneven development
-poor trade links
-lots of debt
-an economy based on primary products
HISTORICAL factors of uneven development
-colonisation
-conflict
what are the consequences of uneven development? (inequalities)
-inequalities in wealth
-inequalities in health
-international migration
what are the strategies to reduce the development gap?
-aid
-investment
-fairtrade
-using intermediate technology
-microfinance loans
-industrial development
what are TNCs?
Transnational Corporations
where are TNCs usually located?
lower income countries
what are the advantages of TNCs?
-provide employment
-TNCs have to pay tax to local government
-can improve development
what are the disadvantages of TNCs?
-most profits go overseas
-can cause environmental issues
-low pay and poor conditions
which TNC is located in Nigeria?
shell
what is short-term aid?
money and supplies are given to help countries cope with emergencies. such as after a natural disaster
what is long-term aid?
money is invested in longer-term projects to help countries become more developed. can be used to improve infrastructure or education
what is top-down aid?
an organisation or the government decides how the aid should be used
what is the disadvantage of top-down aid?
projects can improve the country’s economy, but may not help the poorest people or be supported by the local people
what is bottom-up aid?
money or supplies are given directly to local communities so they can decide how to use aid themselves. can improve health, skills and income in poor countries
what are the 4 types of employment?
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
what are the main changes in the employment structure?
-de-industrialisation
-globalisation
-government policies
