Changes of cavities and measurements of the heart. Cardiomyopathies

Question 1

4 types of enlargement of the heart?

Answer 1

Enlargement of the heart:

1. , Dilatation (Dilatatio simplex)
2. , Concentric hypertrophy
3. , Excentric hypertrophy
4. , Cardiac aneurysm(bulging)

Question 2

Describe dilation?

Answer 2

1., Dilatation (Dilatatio simplex)
a., Tonogen dilatation: extra workload
→ pumping efficacy
b., Myogen (passive) dilatation
→ pumping efficacy
Rounded, flaccid, thin walls,
dilated, filled with blood

Question 3

what is concenric hypertrophy?(increase in size)

Answer 3

2., Concentric hypertrophy (Not hyperplastic!)
Gradual, permanent increase of workload,
Thicker wall, but the cavity is not larger!
Ventricular hypertrophy
left
right
general
left
Increased pressure load (valvular stenosis,
hypertension, pulmonary disease)

Question 4

Eccentric hypertrophy?

Answer 4

2., Excentric hypertrophy
Well expressed trabeculae
Normal or thickened wall, larger cavity! (→ Dilatation)
Increased volume load (valvular insufficiency, septal defects)

Question 5

What is cardiac aneurism?

Answer 5

4., Cardiac aneurism (consequence of regressive changes in the
myocardium → muscle layer is missing → bulging out of the heart wall
→ risk of rupture!)

Question 6

What are the frequent causes of cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 6

Frequent causes of cardiac
hypertrophy
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
– Congenital pulmonic stenosis
– Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)
– Chronic alveolar emphysema (horse)
– High altitude disease (cattle)
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
– Congenital (sub)aortic stenosis
– Acquired aortic stenosis
• Biventricular hypertrophy
– Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
– Congenital anomalies

Question 7

heartworm disease?

Answer 7

Dirofiliria immitis

dogs over 5 years in endemic areas

mosquito bites

right side heart

Question 8

Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 8

, Cardiomyopathy
• „Any disease of the heart muscle”
• Primary cardiomyopathy
– Primary dysfunction of the heart muscle of unknown cause
• Secondary cardiomyopathy
– Cardiac muscle dysfunction due to pre-existing
abnormalities
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP)
– Cats, (dogs); aged males
– Hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall and septum
– Consequence: thrombosis

Question 9

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 9

• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP)
– Dogs: males of large breeds
– Cats: males, infrequent (Taurine deficiency)
– Dilation of both ventricles (Endocardial
fibrosis/mineralization)

Question 10

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Answer 10

Restrictive cardiomyopathy
– Cats (Burmese cats, congenital)
– Impaired ventricular filling
• Endocardial fibrosis
• Amyloidosis
• Endocardial fibroelastosis

Question 11

Tumours of the heart?

Answer 11

Tumors of the heart
• Primary heart muscle tumors
– Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
– Haemangioma, haemangiosarcoma
• From the right atrium (metastasis can also be!)
• Other tumors
– Lymphoma (bo, fe)
– Fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma
• „Heart-base” tumors
– Ectopic thyroid or parathyroid gland tumor
adenoma, adenocarcinoma
– Aorta body tumor
• Chemodectoma (paraganglioma), bening, non-hormone producing