changes in local gov

Question 1

changes in local gov under A2

Answer 1

• Emancipation edict - village issues discussed by the mir, zemstva (regional councils of elected membership) –> decline in the dominance of nobility
• zemstva spread v slowly only 43/70 had a local gov, people began to resent being tied to the mir and prevented faster modernisation
• Judicial changes - better pay, hierarchical system, trial with a jury - Beilis Affair demonstrated its success but after Vera Zasulich Case 1878 political trials privately held and jury still bias

Question 2

changes in local gov under A3

Answer 2

• reversed much of father’s liberalism
• zemstvo came under control of Ministry of Internal Affairs where Alexander
  zemstvo act in 1890 meant they were centralised under ministry of the interior, but still helped in famine - appointed ministers to maintain control –> Land Captains in 1890 (landowners who oversaw the zemstva)
• Judiciary appointed directly from Ministry of Judiciary, separate and closed court cases

Question 3

changes in local gov under N2

Answer 3

• Duma - made important changes, and the first two Dumas did have a larger franchise but were still largely limited
• activity overseen by State Council

Question 4

changes in local gov under the PG

Answer 4

• soviets formed: St Peterburg Soviet – 1905, Moscow Soviet – 1905 (under N2)
• 3000 in Petrograd Soviet by the time PG were in power and were hugely in control of Petrograd - organised strikes
• Petrograd Order No 1 - placed ultimate authority over the soldiers and workers into the hands of the soviets, had more power than the gov did

Question 5

changes in local gov under the communists (3)

Answer 5

• bolsheviks - abolished zemstva/duma after 1917 labelling it ‘bourgeois’
• revolutionary justice - seen in the use of control and repression, Purges or showtrials
• 1921 criminal code legalised the use of terror to deter opposition - who system rested on this - USED BY LENIN AND STALIN GREATLY