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Bio - AOS 3 > Changes In Genetic Makeup Of A Population > Flashcards

Changes In Genetic Makeup Of A Population Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

A gene where only 1 copy of the allele is required for the trait to be expressed

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2
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

A gene where 2 copies of the allele are required for the trait to be expressed

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3
Q

Heterozygote gene

A

Ww, i.e. 2 different alleles

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4
Q

Homozygote gene

A

WW, i.e. 2 copies of the same allele

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5
Q

What determines if 2 organisms are part of the same species?

A

If they can sexually reproduce to create viable and fertile offspring

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6
Q

Define a population

A

A group of the same species living in a specific population

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7
Q

Define a Gene pool

A

All the different genetic material found within a population

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8
Q

Define allele frequency

A

The proportion of an allele in a population

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9
Q

Define Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

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10
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism for a specific trait, whereas phenotype is how that genotype interacts with the organism’s environment resulting in various characteristics

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11
Q

How is allele frequency calculated?

A

(Total number of alleles for a specific gene)/(total number of alleles for that gene in a population)

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12
Q

How are new alleles formed?

A

Through genetic mutations

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13
Q

Why is genetic variation in a species important?

A

It increases that species chance of survival, as diversity increases the chance not all the of the population will be killed by new selection pressures

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14
Q

What are genetic mutations?

A

Random unpredictable change that occurs to genetic material

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15
Q

Why are mutations important?

A

They provide a new source of alleles

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16
Q

Are mutations good or bad?

A

They can be good as they may provide a new source of alleles, but may also have negative effects like cancer.

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17
Q

What is the difference between a spontaneous and an induced mutation?

A

Spontaneous mutations occur randomly due to errors in DNA replication whereas induced mutations are brought on by environmental factors

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18
Q

What is the difference between a somatic and germline mutation?

A

Germline mutations occur in organisms reproductive tissue and can be passed down to the organisms offspring, whereas somatic mutations occur in a tissue other than reproductive tissue and cannot be inherited.

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19
Q

What type of mutation can be inherited and why?

A

Germline mutations as they occur in reproductive tissue and can be passed onto offspring during fertilization

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20
Q

What is the difference between a polyploidy and aneuploidy chromosomal abnormality?

A

Aneuploidy is the change in number of chromosomes by a factor of 1 and only affects 1 set, whereas polyploidy is the change in number of chromosomes in every set

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21
Q

What is the difference between block mutations and point mutations?

A

Block mutations are changes that occur to whole sections of chromosomes, whereas point mutations are changes to only 1 single base pair in the DNA sequence

22
Q

What is a block inversion mutation?

A

When a section of a chromosome is flipped upside down/inverted

23
Q

What is a block deletion mutation?

A

Where a section of a chromosome is deleted

24
Q

What is a block duplication mutation?

A

Where a section of a chromosome is duplicated so that there are 2
identical sections joined together

25
Q

What is a block insertion mutation?

A

when a section of DNA from one chromosome is inserted in the middle of
another

26
Q

What is a block translocation mutation?

A

when a section of DNA from one chromosome switches with a section of
DNA from another chromosome

27
Q

What is the difference between a substitution and frame shift mutation?

A

A substitution mutation is where a single base is substituted for another, whereas a frame shift mutation is where a single base is either added or deleted

28
Q

What kind of mutation is a silent mutation?

A

A point substitution mutation

29
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

When a base is substituted in place of another, but the gene will still code for the same amino acid sequence as the original base

30
Q

What is a Missense mutation?

A

A base is substituted for another, which results in a change in the amino acid
sequence

31
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

1 base is substituted for another, whereby the mutated triplet in the DNA now codes for a stop codon, resulting in a shorter amino acid chain.

32
Q

What kind of mutation will result in a shortened amino acid chain?

A

A nonsense mutation

33
Q

What effect do frame shift mutations have on the amino acid the gene codes for?

A

All the triplet codons after the mutation will be altered until the end of the chain, resulting in a drastically different protein.

34
Q

How many amino acids do substitution mutations affect?

A

1

35
Q

What is the first step in natural selection?

A

A variation existing in a trait within a population

36
Q

What is the second step in natural selection?

A

A selection pressure act on the population and members with a selective advantage are more likely to survive

37
Q

What is the third step in natural selection?

A

The members with a selective advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce with the frequency of the allele that correlates to the trait increasing over time

38
Q

Why is variation important in a population?

A

It increases the chance the species will survive in the presence of a selection pressure, as some members may be able to survive due to their different traits

39
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The movement of alleles between populations of the same species

40
Q

What is immigration?

A

when individuals enter a population

41
Q

What is emigration?

A

When individuals leave a population

42
Q

Define genetic drift

A

When a populations allele frequency is changed due to a random event

43
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a small group of organisms leaves the population to form a new one that isn’t genetically representative of the original

44
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When there is a sudden change in allele frequency due to the reduction in a population as a result of a random event.

45
Q

What occurs during allopatric speciation?

A

When part 2 groups from the same population become isolated from each other with no gene flow, and face different selection pressures resulting in the development of new traits

46
Q

What are the 3 steps in allopatric speciation?

A

isolation -> divergence ->reproductive isolation

47
Q

How is selective breeding different from natural selection?

A

Humans act as the selection pressure

48
Q

What are the steps in selective breeding?

A

Genetic variation exists in a population resulting in different traits. Humans select members that have desirable traits and breed them together to produce offspring with that desirable trait. The gene pool is then reduced but a higher proportion of the population will have the desirable trait.

49
Q

What are some reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

• Temporal – species don’t have a chance to interact with each other because they may breed in different seasons or be nocturnal
• Behavioral – Species may have different mating calls or rituals
• Structural – species may have different genitalia that is not compatible with each other
• The chromosomes from the different species may be too different so that they would be unable to
pair up during meiosis, making the offspring sterile (hybrid sterility)

50
Q

What size population are affected by genetic drift?

A

Small populations

Bio - AOS 3 (4 decks)

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