Change in the Modern World: Apartheid 1948-1994 Flashcards
Which political party governed South Africa from 1948-1994?
The National Party
In 1960, the average income of black South African’s was:
less than 10% that of a white South Africans.
In what year was the Separate Amenities Act passed?
1953
Who said that “The task is to make South Africa a white man’s land”.
Dr Malan
Who is Hendrik Verwoerd?
the “architect of apartheid” - In 1950, National Party’s Minister of Native Affairs, Prime Minister of South Africa in 1958
Extract from a speech by Hendrik Verwoerd, 5th December 1950
“… the present Government adopts the attitude that it concedes and wishes to give others precisely what it demands for itself. It believes in the supremacy of the European in his sphere, but, then, it also believes equally in the supremacy of the Bantu in his own sphere. For the European child it wishes to create all the possible opportunities for its own development, prosperity and national service in its own sphere; but for the Bantu it also wishes to create all the opportunities for the realisation of ambitions and the rendering of service to their own people.
Who referred to apartheid as “good neighbourliness”?
Henrik Verwoerd
Who recommended the establishment of Bantustans?
Frederick Tomlinson (asked by Dr Malan)
What did the Native Labour Act (1953) state?
That black workers were not allowed to join a trade union.
Baas definition
Master
Kaffir definition
Boy (derogatory)
What year was the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act passed?
1959
Which law allowed for the creation of areas for specific racial groups e.g. ‘White’ areas?
The Group Areas Act
According to Nelson Mandela, what was “the most important political document ever adopted by the ANC”?
The Freedom Charter
Who was the leader of the PAC when it split from the ANC in 1959?
Robert Sobukwe
Who organised the Sharpeville protests in 1960 and why?
PAC, to protest against the pass laws in the township
Who did Mandela start a legal service with?
Oliver Tambo
In which year did Umkhonto we Sizwe begin its sabotage campaign?
December 1961
In which country did Mandela receive training about how to be a guerrilla fighter?
Ethiopia
In what year was the Rivonia Trial?
1963
How many years was Nelson Mandela imprisoned for?
27 years
Who created the Free Mandela Campaign?
Oliver Tambo
Which event resulted in a power/leadership vacuum in the struggle against the oppressive apartheid regime?
The Rivonia Trial
When was Biko arrested and held in prison for 20 days?
17th August 1977
In what year was the announcement that half of all school subjects taught must be delivered in Afrikaans?
1974
Which group faced intense scrutiny and increased surveillance as a result of the Soweto Uprising?
The BCM (Black Consciousness Movement)
Under ’Total Strategy’ the South African government:
Recognised African Trade Unions, allowed interracial marriage, planned to give new townships better housing and water.
In what year was the South African Constitution changed as part of Total Strategy?
1983
In 1977, which black daily newspaper was banned?
The World
Who called for anti-apartheid protestors to make South Africa ungovernable?
Oliver Tambo
How many personnel did the South African army have by 1981?
592 000
In what year were black South Africans made legal citizens of the homeland for their particular ethnic group?
1970
The limited independence granted to 4 homelands, gave each state the right to:
Have its own president and control some administrative matters.
What was the former name of Zimbabwe?
Rhodesia
Why did South Africa sign the Nkomati Accord in 1984?
Because the USA failed to provide support to South Africa, which would have allowed them to achieve victory; Because Mozambique was strengthened by the military support it received from Cuba; Because South Africa never intended to adhere to the terms of the Nkomati Accord anyway and would continue to conduct its interference secretly.
In what year was the UN’s arms embargo against South Africa made mandatory for all UN member states/nations?
1977
Who believed that placing economic sanctions on South Africa was a bad idea because of the negative impact it would have on black South Africans?
Ronald Reagan
In 1986, the European Common Market banned its member states from purchasing what from South Africa?
Iron and Steel
Which organisation approved the Gleneagles Agreement in 1977?
The Commonwealth of Nations
What were the methods of protest used by the UDF?
Rent boycotts, consumer boycotts, school protests
Why did the South African government change its mind about banning funerals on a Sunday?
It would have meant a funeral would need to be held on the anniversary of the Sharpeville Massacre.
What was a power that the police received as a result of Botha declaring a State of Emergency?
Detaining people indefinitely
Disinvestment had a significant economic impact on South Africa. In 1988, how many billions of rand were withdrawn from South Africa?
5.5 billion rand
Extract from a speech by Albertina Sisulu, 1985
“Mandela is our leader. He is a man known to the people and chosen by the people. As long as the government won’t release Mandela, there will be no peace in this country.”
Why did the ANC declare 1980 the ’Year of the Charter’?
1980 was the 25th anniversary of the Freedom Charter.
According to Albertina Sisulu, what was the number one priority of the Free Mandela Campaign?
To secure the release of Nelson Mandela.
In what year was the ‘Human Rights Now’ world tour?
1988
Extract from a speech by F.W. de Klerk to the South African Parliament on 2nd February 1990
“History has placed a tremendous responsibility on the shoulders of this country’s leadership, namely the responsibility of moving our country away from the current course of conflict and confrontation… the hope of millions of South Africans is fixed on us. The future of southern Africa depends on us. We dare not waver or fall.”
What is CODESA?
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa was the name given to the meeting between the National Party and the ANC, in which they tried to come to an agreement about South Africa’s future.
What is the AWB movement?
This was a right-wing Africaner group that did not agree with the National Party in seeking peaceful negotiations with anti-apartheid groups such as the ANC.
On what date did F.W. de Klerk release Nelson Mandela from prison?
11th February 1990
What was the name of the right wing group who sought to assassinate Nelson Mandela, and prevent free elections in South Africa?
AWB
What was the main cause of tension between the IFP and the ANC?
They disliked the strong bond between the ANC and the SACP (South African Communist Party)
Who is said to have shouted out “Yippee!” when casting their vote in the April 1994 South Africa presidential election?
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
What happened on 21st March 1960?
The Sharpeville Massacre. This led to the banning of anti-apartheid organisations such as the ANC and PAC.
Extract from Nelson Mandela’s autobiography ‘Long Walk to Freedom’ (2013)
“By striking, an African worker stood to not only lose his job but his entire livelihood and the right to stay in the area he was living.”
What were some targets of the MK’s sabotage campaign?
Infrastructure sites, power stations, oil depots and government offices e.g. The Office of Bantu Affairs
During the 1980s Botha told Mandela that he would release him from prison if Mandela agreed to a particular condition. What was this condition?
That Mandela would renounce the violence of anti-apartheid campaigners
What did Mandela do in September 1990?
Signed the National Peace Accord
