Change and Leadership Flashcards
Why do we study change?
Organisations may not survive if they do not change. CEOs facing relentless pressure for change. Triggers of change prompt organisational change.
What are triggers of change?
- Technology
- Economic shocks
- Social trends
- World politics
What are the two forms of resistance to change?
- Overt and immediate
2. Implicit and deferred
What is overt and immediate change resistance to change?
Voicing complaints, engaging in job actions
What is implicit and deferred resistance to change?
Loss of employee loyalty and motivation, increased errors or mistakes, increased absenteeism
What are the sources of resistance to change?
Individual - habit, security, economic factors, fear of the unknown and selective information processing
Organisational - structural inertia, limited focus of change, group inertia, threat to expertise, threat to established power relationships and resource allocations
What Van dam et al (2008) find about recent evidence on change and voice?
Employees reactions to change are considered critical for the success of change efforts
What are Kotter’s eight steps of change management?
- Create urgency
- Form a powerful coalition
3 Create a vision for change - Communicate the vision
- Empower action
- Create quick wins
- Build on the change
- Make the change stick
Which factors of the eight steps of change management come under creating the climate for change?
- Create urgency
- Form a powerful coalition
- Create a vision for change
Which factors of the eight steps of change management come under engaging and enabling the organisation?
- Communicate the vision
- Empower action
- Create quick wins
Which factors of the eight steps of change management come under implementing and sustaining for change?
- Build on the change
8. Make it stick
What is leadership?
The process of influencing the activities of an organised group and in its efforts towards goal setting and goal achievement
Why do we study leadership?
- Leaders have a big impact on our personal lives as well as the organisation they lead
- Proposition that leadership is linked to organisational performance
What is leadership as a trait?
During the 1950s, researchers assumed leaders possessed certain traits or attributes - ‘Great Man (sic) Theory’
Leaders were believed to be exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead
Term ‘man’ was intentional - concept was primarily male, military and Western
What are the Ohio State Leadership styles in terms of leadership as a behaviour?
A matrix of initiating structure (low/high) and consideration (low/high)
What defines a leadership style that is low consideration and low initiating structure according to the Ohio State Leadership Style?
The leader fails to provide necessary structure and demonstrates little consideration for employee needs and wants
What is high structure, low consideration leadership according to the Ohio State Leadership Style?
Primary emphasis is placed on structuring employee tasks while the leader demonstrates little consideration for employee needs and wants
What is low structure, high consideration leadership according to the Ohio State Leadership Style?
Less emphasis is placed on structuring employee tasks while the leader concentrates on satisfying employee needs and wants
What is the high structure, high consideration leadership style according to the Ohio State Leadership Style?
The leader provides a lot of guidance about how tasks can be completed while being highly considerate f employee needs and wants
What is the contingency theory of leadership?
- Developed in the mid 1960s
- Effective leadership depends on leadership style
- Situational favourableness affects leadership
How is the Tannenbaum and Schmidt Leadership Continuum structured?
Use of authority vs Areas of freedom for subordinates
What are the stages of the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum?
- Tells - makes decisions
- Sells - explains decisions
- Consults - gets suggestions
- Shares - defines limits, group decides
- Delegates - subordinates function within defined limits
How does situational favourableness affect the contingency theory of leadership?
Leader member relations - the level of trust and confidence that the team has in you
Task structure - refers to the type of task you’re doing: clear and structured, or vague and unstructured
Leader’s power position - this is the amount of power you have to direct the group, and provide reward or punishment
What are the competencies that relate to strong ethics and safety from the top 10 leadership competencies?
- Has high ethics and safety
3. Clearly communicates expectations
What are the competencies that relate to self organising from the top 10 leadership competencies?
- Provides goals and objectives with loose guidelines/directions
What are the competencies that relate to efficient learning from the top 10 leadership competencies?
- Has the flexibility to change opinions
- Is open to new ideas and approaches
- Provides safety for trial and error
What are the competencies relating to nurturing growth from the top 10 leadership competencies?
- Is committed to ongoing training
11. Helps me grow into the next generation leader
What are the competencies relating to connection and belonging from the top 10 leadership competencies?
- Communications often and openly
8. Creates a feeling of succeeding and failing together
What is new leadership?
Burns (1978) distinguished between transactional and transformational leadership
What is transactional leadership from new leadership?
- Leadership is trading or bargaining
- Follows prescribed tasks to achieve established goals
What is transformational leadership from new leadership?
Charismatic leaders inspire and motivate, beyond contracts and offer:
- Intellectual stimulation
- Idealised influence
- Individualised consideration
- Inspirational motivation
What is distributed leadership?
Individuals are different levels of the organisation cam lead and implement change. Distributed leadership relies on flatter organisational structures, team work and communication.
How does John Kotter distinguish between leadership and management?
Leadership produces change and movement and management produces order and consistency
What is leadership as opposed to management according to Kotter?
- Establishes direction: creates a vision, clarifies the big picture, sets strategies
- Aligns people:
communicates goods, seeks commitment, build teams, coalitions and alliances - Motivates and inspires:
energises, empowers subordinates and colleagues, satisfied unmet needs
How does management differ from leadership according to Kotter?
- Planning and budgeting: establishes agendas, sets timetable, allocates resources
- Organising and staffing: provide structure, make job replacements, establish rules and procedures
- Controlling and problem solving: develop incentives, generate creative solutions, take corrective action
What does Mintzberg argue about the distinction between leadership and management?
That leadership is part of management
