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Visceral Disorders > Change > Flashcards

Change Flashcards

1
Q

What governs the labs utilized by chiropractors

A

CLIA (clinical laboratory improvement amendments)

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2
Q

A patient with a UTI may have a subluxation where

A

Lumbar region

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3
Q

Liver disease may present with subluxations where

A

T5-T9

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4
Q

What are the s/s to order a UA

A

LBP, painful urination (dysuria), hematuria, suprapubic pain, urethral or vaginal discharge, frequent urination, inability, polydipsia, polyphagia

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5
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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6
Q

When is the best time to collect the specimen

A

Early morning, most concentrated

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7
Q

Hydration and concentration is roughly indicated by what in urine

A

Color

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8
Q

Red or dark brown urine is seen when

A

Excessive hemoglobin, RBS, myoglobin. lots of diseases associated with these s/s

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9
Q

Yellow urine + Red blood = ?

A

Smoky urine

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10
Q

What color urine is found with dehydration from fever,
vomiting, certain foods (rhubarb, Vit C, carrots),
medications

A

Orange

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11
Q

What color urine is found to be bright yellow

A

Excessive B Vitamins

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12
Q

What color urine is found with alkaptonuria, melanin problems like
malignant melanoma

A

Black

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13
Q

What color urine is found with diabetes insipidus or
over hydration associated with low SpG; diabetes
insipidus associated with decrease pituitary ADH (eg.,
head trauma)

A

Colorless

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14
Q

What color urine is found with liver
problems check bilirubin and urobilinogen
may also be referred to as dark yellow
may see jaundice of skin and sclera and other
findings possible for hepatitis/liver disease
(SGOT,SGPT, RUQ pain)

A

Brownish yellow/green

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15
Q

What color urine is found associated with hyperlipidemia (risk
factor for heart disease)

A

Milky

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16
Q

Hazy or cloudy urine is usually due to what

A

Infection

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17
Q

Frothy urine is associated with what

A

Protein

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18
Q

What does specific gravity measure

A

Kidneys ability to concentrate the urine (inability is a sign of early renal disease)

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19
Q

Isosthenuria, fixed SpG at 1.010, the same as protein free plasma, signifies what

A

End stage renal failure

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20
Q

Increased SpG has more “stuff” in it

A

Decreased SpG is more dilute urine

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21
Q

What is the normal pH range

A

4.5-7.5. Acidic <7, Alkaline >7

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22
Q

What conditions are associated with acidic pH’s

A

Respiratory acidosis (emphysema), metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetes mellitus, lots of meats and cranberries

23
Q

What conditions are associated with alkaline pH’s

A

Respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation), metabolic alkalosis, UTI, E. coli, bacillus proteus (inc blue/cranberry juices), high veggies and citrus

24
Q

What is proteinuria used synonymously with

A

Albuminuria

25
Q

What normally prevents protein from entering the glomerular filtrate

A

Glomerulus

26
Q

Why must you always investigate proteinuria

A

Primary indicator of renal disease

27
Q

What does a positive dipstick need to be confirmed with

A

Sulfosalicylic acidic precipitation (detects all proteins)

28
Q

Strenuous exercise, exposure to cold, large abdomen, pregnancy, dehydration and febrile illness all increase the risk of

A

Proteinuria

29
Q

What is massive proteinuria

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

30
Q

How may the urine appear in nephrotic syndrome

A

frothy

31
Q

Severe edema can be seen where in nephrotic syndrome

A

around the eyes

32
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with what

A

toxins, bee stings, severe infections, and polycystic kidney

33
Q

What test should be run on all patient’s with a 4+ protein

A

Bence Jones test

34
Q

What condition and xray sign may be a strong indicator for Bence Jones test

A

Multiple myeloma and Rain drop skull

35
Q

What is multiple myeloma

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells (produce antibodies)

36
Q

What urine protein is the bence jones protein

A

light chain

37
Q

What tests are used for finding a monoclonal immunoglobulin in urine

A

Urine protein electrophoresis and urine immunofixation

38
Q

T/F: A routine UA will detect Bence Jones proteins

A

FALSE, it will not

39
Q

What are the definitive tests for immunoglobulins in urine

A

Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis

40
Q

If labs look like lytic mets what is the protocol

A

Bone scan, MRI, Biopsy

41
Q

If labs look like Multiple Myeloma, what is the protocol

A

PEP (urine and blood), skeletal survey, MRI, Biopsy

42
Q

What is usually ordered when the protein electrophoresis test shows the presence of an abnormal protein band that may be an immunoglobulin

A

Immunofixation electrophoresis

43
Q

When may glucosuria be seen

A

Immediately after eating a high carb meal, also with kidney disease

44
Q

Hyperglycemia and Glucosuria are classically seen in what condition

A

Diabetes mellitus

45
Q

When are ketones produced

A

Lack of available sugar getting to the cells due to lack of insulin

46
Q

what are ketones produced as a byproduct to

A

Fat metabolism

47
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin cannot pass what

A

glomerular filter

48
Q

What does a positive test for urine bilirubin confirm

A

That any raised plasma levels are from conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

49
Q

What kind of bilirubin is prehepatic

A

Unconjugated

50
Q

What are the main cause of biliary obstruction (cholecystitis)

A

Gallstones (wait and see)

51
Q

What typically results from m. trauma due to crushing inj or MI. Occult blood w/o elevated RBC’s

A

Myoglobinuria

52
Q

If there are increased RBCs what is is called

A

Yellow: Microhematuria

Red/pink/smoky: Hematuria

53
Q

TNTC

A

Too numerous to count

Visceral Disorders (3 decks)

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