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DAY 1 ChELE > Chang 1 > Flashcards

Chang 1 Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

Three major advances in the past century have enabled us to prevent and treat diseases.

A

Health and Medicine

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3
Q

is the basic unit of inheritance.

A

A gene

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4
Q

is the basic unit of inheritance.

A

A gene

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5
Q

is a by-product of many chemical processes

A

Energy

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6
Q

major sources of energy are

A

fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas

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7
Q

Earth’s surface receives about _______ as much energy from sunlight as is contained in all of the known reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, and uranium combined.

A

10 times

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8
Q

conversion of sunlight directly to electricity using devices is called

A

photovoltaic cells

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9
Q

Another potential source of energy is,

A

nuclear fission

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10
Q

_____ the process that occurs in the sun and other stars, generates huge amounts of energy without producing much dangerous radioactive waste.

A

Nuclear fusion

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11
Q

A major disadvantage of burning fossil fuels is that they give off carbon dioxide, which is a

A

greenhouse gas

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12
Q

The “engine” that drives the ongoing computer revolution is the

A

microprocessor

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13
Q

The “engine” that drives the ongoing computer revolution is the

A

microprocessor

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14
Q

the microprocessor

A

the tiny silicon chip that has inspired countless inventions, such as laptop computers and fax machines.

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15
Q

the microprocessor

A

the tiny silicon chip that has inspired countless inventions, such as laptop computers and fax machines.

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16
Q

All sciences, including the social sciences, employ variations of what is called the ________, a systematic approach to research.

A

sci- entific method

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17
Q

Three major advances in this century have enabled us to
prevent and treat diseases:

A
  1. Surgery with anesthesia
  2. Enabling physicians to cure potentially fatal
    conditions, such as an inflamed appendix;
  3. and the introduction of vaccines and antibiotics
    that make it possible to prevent diseases spread by
    microbes.
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18
Q

fourth revolution in medicine.

A

Gene therapy

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19
Q

carried by inborn damage to a single gene.

A

Cystic fibrosis and hemophilia

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20
Q

is a by-product of many chemical processes.

A

Energy

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21
Q

Major sources of energy are fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and
natural gas) and the estimated reserve of these fuels will last
us another

A

50 – 100 years.

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22
Q

______ viable source of energy for the future; 10
times as much energy from sunlight.

A

Solar energy

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23
Q

the conversion of sunlight
directly to electricity using these devices.

A

Photovoltaic cells

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24
Q

to use sunlight to obtain hydrogen
from water; the hydrogen can then be fed into a _______ to generate electricity.

A

fuel cell

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25
Q

another potential source of energy.

A

Nuclear fission

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26
Q

the process that occurs in the sun and other
stars, generates huge amounts of energy without producing
much dangerous radioactive waste.

A

Nuclear fusion

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27
Q

are materials that have no electrical
resistance and can therefore conduct electricity with no
energy loss; at very low temperatures (more than 400
degrees Fahrenheit below the freezing point of water)

A

Superconductors

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28
Q

the “engine” that drives the ongoing
computer revolution

A

Microprocessor

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29
Q

The function of microprocessor is judged by the
_____ with which it carries out mathematical
operations such as addition.

A

speed

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30
Q

Microprocessors have doubled speed in every

A

18
months.

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31
Q

The quality of any microprocessor depends on the

A

purity of the silicon chip and ability to add the
desired amount if other substances.

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32
Q

replacing silicon with molecules;
respond to light rather than to electrons

A

Molecular computing

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33
Q

Optical computers also would have much greater storage
capacity

A

than electronic computers.

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34
Q

insects communicate with one another by
emitting and reacting to special molecules _____

A

Pheromones

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35
Q

a tentative explanation for a set of observations

A

Hypothesis

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36
Q

a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a
relationship between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.

A

Law

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37
Q

a unifying principle that explains a body of facts
and/or those laws that are based on them.

A

Theory

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38
Q

Democritus

A

Atomic Theory

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39
Q

has a definite (constant) composition and
distinct properties.

A

Substance

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40
Q

has a definite (constant) composition and
distinct properties.

A

Substance

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41
Q

a combination of two or more substances in which
the substances retain their distinct identities

A

Mixture

42
Q

a substance that cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical means.

A

Element

43
Q

112 elements have been positively identified;______ occur
naturally on Earth and the rest have been created via _____
processes.

A

83, nuclear

44
Q

depends on how much matter is being
considered (mass, length, volume)

A

Extensive property

45
Q

does not depend on how much matter
is being considered (density, temperature) does not depend on how much matter
is being considered (density, temperature)

A

Intensive property

46
Q

can be determined directly while
microscopic on the atomic or molecular scale must be
determined by an indirect method

A

Macroscopic properties

47
Q

is the lowest temperature that can be attained
theoretically.

A

0 Kelvin

48
Q

tells us how close a measurement is to the true
value of the quantity that was measured.

A

Accuracy

49
Q

refers to how closely two or more measurements
of the same quantity agree with one another.

A

Precision

50
Q

It is important to indicate the margin of error in a
measurement by clearly indicating the

A

number of significant
figures

51
Q

are the meaningful digits in a measured or
calculated quantity.

A

significant
figures

52
Q

hypothesized that our universe burst into
being billions of years ago in a gigantic explosion, or Big
Bang.

A

George Gamow

53
Q

The universe was born about

A

15 billion years ago.

54
Q
  1. First, measurements showed that the universe is
    expanding; that is, galaxies are all moving away
    from one another at high speeds
A

Gamow’s Hypothesis:

55
Q

The detection of cosmic background radiation;
searingly hot universe and has cooled down to a
mere 3K (-270 degrees C); at this temp, most
energy is in the microwave region.

A

Gamow’s Hypothesis:

56
Q

The detection of ______;
searingly hot universe and has cooled down to a
mere 3K (-270 degrees C); at this temp, most
energy is in the microwave region.

A

cosmic background radiation

57
Q

Gamow’s Hypothesis:

A

The discovery of primordial helium

58
Q

a strong source of light and radio signals that is
thought to be an exploding galaxy at the edge of the
universe; 10 billion light years away (a light year is the
distance traveled by light in a year)

A

Quasar

59
Q

is the
distance traveled by light in a year

A

a light year

60
Q

A hydrogen atom has only one electron which is stripped by
the light from a quasar in a process known as

A

ionization

61
Q

all matters consists of very small, indivisible
particles (atomos – uncuttable or indivisible); not accepted
by Plato and Aristotle

A

Democritus

62
Q

all atoms of a given element are identical, same size,
mass and chemical properties; compounds are composed of
atoms of more than one element; a chemical reaction only
involves separation, combination, or rearrangement of
atoms.

A

Dalton

63
Q

states that
different samples of the same compound always contain its
constituent elements in the same proportion by mass.

A

Law of Definite Proportions (Joseph Proust)

64
Q

if two elements
can combine to form more than one compound, the masses
of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other
element are in ratios if small whole numbers.

A

Law of Multiple Proportions (John Dalton)

65
Q

matter can be
neither created nor destroyed.

A

Law of Conservation of Mass (John Dalton)

66
Q

is the basic unit of an element that can enter into
chemical combination.

A

Atom

67
Q

the emission and transmission of energy through
space in the form of waves.

A

Radiation

68
Q

negatively charged plate

A

Cathode

69
Q

positively
charged plate;

A

anode

70
Q

when the ray strikes the special coated
surface, it produces a

A

strong fluorescence or bright light

71
Q

to determine the ratio of
electric charge to the mass of an individual electron.
(−1.76𝑥108𝐶/𝑔)

A

Cathode ray tube (J. J Thompson)

72
Q

found the charge of an electron to be
−1.60𝑥10−19𝐶

A

Robert Millikan

73
Q

X-rays (noticed that cathode rays caused
glass and metals to emit very unusual rays)

A

Wilhelm Rontgen

74
Q

he found that exposing thickly wrapped
photographic plates to a certain uranium compound caused
them to darken, even without the stimulation of cathode
rays.

A

Antoine Becquerel

75
Q

suggested the name “radioactivity” to describe
this spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation.

A

Marie Curie

76
Q

consists of positively charged

A

Alpha rays

77
Q

are electrons and deflected by the negatively
charged plate

A

Beta rays

78
Q

no charge and are
not affected by an external field

A

Gamma rays

79
Q

atoms that have the same atomic number but
different mass numbers

A

Isotopes

80
Q

isotopes of same element have
same characteristics forming the same types of compounds
and displaying similar

A

reactivities.

81
Q

an isotope contains one proton and one
neutron, and tritium has one proton and two neu

A

deuterium

82
Q

is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

A

Metal

83
Q

is usually a poor conductor of metalloids

A

non-
metal

84
Q

have
properties that are intermediate between those of metals
and non-metals

A

metalloids

85
Q

is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite
arrangement held together by chemical forces (also called
chemical bonds).

A

molecule

86
Q

Two standard types of molecular models are currently in use:

A

ball-and-stick models and space-filling models

87
Q

balls are same size and represented by a specific
color

A

ball-and-stick
models

88
Q

represented by truncated balls
held together by snap fasteners.

A

space-filling models

89
Q

is a charged species formed from a neutral atom or
molecule when electrons are gained or lost as the result of a
chemical change.

A

Ion

90
Q

is a charged species formed from a neutral atom or
molecule when electrons are gained or lost as the result of a
chemical change.

A

Ion

91
Q

formed from cations and anions.

A

Ionic compound

92
Q

is one of two or more distinct forms of an
element. (𝑂2, 𝑂3)

A

Allotrope

93
Q

Two allotropic forms of the element carbon

A

diamond and
graphite

94
Q

dramatically different not only in properties but in
their relative cost.

A

diamond and
graphite

95
Q

a substance used as an an anti-septic
and as a bleaching agent for textiles and hair.

A

Hydrogen peroxide –

96
Q

tells us which elements are present and
the simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms, but not
necessarily the actual number of atoms in a given molecule.

A

Empirical formula

97
Q

are the true formulas of molecules.

A

Molecular formula

98
Q

The formulas of ionic compounds are________
their empirical formulas because ionic compounds do not
consist of discrete molecular units.

A

always the same as

99
Q

contain carbon, usually in combination
with elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulfur

A

Organic compounds

100
Q

All other compounds are classified as inorganic
compounds.

A

true

101
Q

All other compounds are classified as inorganic
compounds.

A

true

DAY 1 ChELE (2 decks)

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