Challenges to the restored order and the failure of Revolution

Question 1

Reactionary rule

Answer 1

when a ruler uses oppression to oppose change

Question 2

Risorgimento

Answer 2

means ‘reawakening’, historical term used to describe the development of a national identity, should not be used to describe a movement for national unification because there wasn’t one.

Question 3

Absolutist state

Answer 3

state without any restriction on the power or authority of the ruler

Question 4

Quadrilateral

Answer 4

the area dominated by the fortress towns of Legnago, Mantua, Verona, and Peschiera

Question 5

Po Valley

Answer 5

the river Po runs across the northern Italian plain. Fed by the Alps, irrigates the land around it, making it very fertile. Farmers in the land became wealthy and politically influential

Question 6

Temporal power

Answer 6

political power of the papacy- opposed to its spiritual or religious authority

Question 7

Jesuit

Answer 7

a member of the Society of Jesus, founded in the 16th century

Question 8

Carbonari

Answer 8

origins of the secret society are unclear, but translated the name means ‘charcoal burners’ every member was sworn to secrecy in an initiation ceremony. Committed to the principle of the rights of the people and was prepared to use violence and revolution as the means by which to achieve its aims

Question 9

Revolutionary liberalism

Answer 9

the doctrine promoting constitutional change through revolution

Question 10

Revolutionary nationalism

Answer 10

doctrine espoused by Mazzini and others for the creation of the nation state through revolution

Question 11

Jacobins

Answer 11

most ruthless radical of the French Revolution, the Jacobins demanded universal liberty and, during the reign of terror of 1793-94, executed thousands of their opponents

Question 12

Pellagra

Answer 12

caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin. This was common in communities whose staple diet was maize. It manifested itself in skin disorders, insanity and suicide.

Question 13

Cholera

Answer 13

consumption of food or water contaminated with sewage, rapid and extreme dehydration, resulting in death

Question 14

Neo-Guelph

Answer 14

name given to those who believed in the creation of a federal Italy under the leadership of the Papacy. They were so called because in the Middle Ages the Guelphs were a group who supported the popes in their struggles with the German emperors

Question 15

First Italian war of independence

Answer 15

name given to the struggle in 1848-49 against Austrian dominance.

Question 16

Statuto

Answer 16

the Piedmontese constitution

Question 17

Italian Confederation

Answer 17

Metternich advocated for the idea at the Congress of Vienna. Federation of Italian States, a system allowing Politcal autonomy. Until 1848, the assumption was that the pope would be the figurehead of the federation

Question 18

Macinato

Answer 18

a tax placed on the grinding of corn. Unpopular in towns and the countryside, seen as taxing a basic necessity as well as increasing the price of bread

Question 19

Guinta di Stato

Answer 19

means a group of the state, made up of three people. Decide all adult Romans could vote in an election and that the ballot would be a secret