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Global Issues > Challenges of Pop. Growth & Migration > Flashcards

Challenges of Pop. Growth & Migration Flashcards

1
Q

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration

A

Seeks to promote national and international policies with respect to migration that follow the rule of law and promote sustainable development and human rights

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2
Q

What is a key challenge of aging populations?

A

Smaller cohorts of young people coming into the labor force to support elderly populations

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3
Q

Urbanization

A

Growth in the size of cities

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4
Q

Immigration

A

International migration into a country

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5
Q

Refugee

A

A person who is outside their country of origin because of well-founded fears of being persecuted

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6
Q

Internally Displace Persons

A

People displaced within their own countries

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7
Q

Emigration

A

International migration out of a country

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8
Q

In 2019, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaced people worldwide was estimated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at:

A

79.5 million

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9
Q

Which of the following is true about population and population growth

A
  • Patterns of population growth differ significantly between more- and less-developed regions of the world
  • Fertility rates in the least developed countries are declining but still very high
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10
Q

population change (P) equation

A

P = (+) births (–) deaths (+) in-migration (–) out-migration

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11
Q

Demography

A

the study of population change and characteristics

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12
Q

A population can change in size and composition as a result of 3 demographic processes:

A
  • fertility, mortality, and migration

- P (pop. change) = (+) births (–) deaths (+) in-migration (–) out-migration

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13
Q

On the global level, the world’s population grows as the result of

A

natural increase=the relative balance between births and deaths

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14
Q

zero population growth

A
  • a termination of population growth
  • advocated by some seeking a sustainable development advocate
  • short term: balancing the components of the population equation to yield zero change in population size during a period of time
  • long term: stationary population=constant patterns of childbearing interact with constant mortality and migration to yield zero population change
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15
Q

What is replacement fertility?

Avg in births per woman in low mortality countries?

A
  • when one generation of parents is just replacing itself in the next generation
  • About 2.1 children per woman
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16
Q

“momentum” of population growth

A

The lag from large groups of persons of childbearing age, reflecting earlier eras of high fertility, results in large numbers of births even with replacement-level fertility

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17
Q

Using medium assumptions of future population growth

A

United Nations Population Division estimates that by 2030, world population lev els will grow to 8.5 billion, and projects a global population of up to 9.7 billion by 2050,

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18
Q

population pyramid

A

the proportions of persons in different age groups in a population

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19
Q

despite large additions to the world’s population

A
  • the rate of population growth is actually decreasing
  • the average annual rate of global population growth reached an all-time high, of about 2.2 percent, between 1962 and 1964.
  • since then, the pace of growth of the world’s population has decreased to the current rate of approximately 1.1 percent per year
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20
Q

The rapid population growth that occurred in the post–World War II era reflected

A
  • significant declines in mortality that resulted in large part from public health advances
  • and the transfer of medical technology from more to less developed countries.
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21
Q

The total fertility rate

A
  • measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age and is a strong indicator of overall population growth
  • In the period 2015–2020, the total fertility rate for the world is estimated at 2.47 births per woman, representing a significant decline from 4.47 for 1970–1975
  • in high-income countries, as defined by the World Bank, has been below replacement since 1975 and is estimated at 1.67 births per woman for 2015–2020
  • in middle-income countries the current level of fertility is estimated as 2.35 births per woman
  • in low-income countries, the total fertility rate has dropped from 6.68 for 1970–1975 to 4.52 for 2015–2020, a significant decline, but well above replacement level
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22
Q

Global decline in fertility due to

A
  • the aggressive fertility-control campaign in China
  • and significant declines in fertility throughout Southeast Asia and in Latin America
  • TF in China declined from 4.85 for 1970–1975 to 1.69 for 2015–2020; fertility in India has also declined, from 5.41 for 1970–1975 to 2.24 for 2015–2020
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23
Q

Why is it important today to think about the relationship between population growth and food supply even though the rate at which the global population increases has slowed?

A

Because of the additional problem of carbon emissions and climate change

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24
Q

When did the world’s population reach one billion people?

A

At the beginning of the 19th century

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25
Q

When looking at the population pyramid for The Netherlands, which of the following are correct statements

A
  • More than 50% of the Dutch population is of working age (15-64 years of age)
  • About 11% of the population is under ten years of age
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26
Q

What were some negative consequences of the original green revolution

A
  • People around the world eat the same few things
  • Local knowledge that was built over thousands of years of agricultural history was almost loss
  • Loss of local food diversity
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27
Q

What is the relationship between expected population growth over the next two decades and climate change?

A

The vast majority of people (75%) are going to be born in regions hardest hit by climate change

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28
Q

What are some of the reasons why the world’s population drastically increased over the past 70 years

A
  • Major public health advances
  • Reduced mortality rates
  • Improved food production and distribution
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29
Q

When looking at Niger’s population pyramid, which of the following are correct statements

A
  • More than 35% of Niger’s population are under 10 years of age
  • Niger has a youthful population
  • Less than 5% of Niger’s population is over over the age of 65
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30
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

argued that the inescapable human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation, poverty, and human misery if not halted by the “positive checks” of famine, war, and epidemics

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31
Q

Perspectives on Population

A
  • Neo-Malthusian perspective= has remained much the same
  • Cornucopian perspective= emphasizes the role of technological innovations and market forces which through economics will manage the use of natural resources
  • New Perspective= focuses on the structural dimensions of social change, including processes such as population displacement, health and disease, food security, and environmental issues as outcomes of broader social and economic structural processes and institutions. With this perspective, pop. growth thus becomes more of a consequence than a cause of slow economic development and restricted social and economic opportunities
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32
Q

Commons themes which connect the Pop. Perspectives for reducing Pop. Growth:

A

-reduction of poverty
-improvement of life choices
-the status of women, particularly educational opportunities for girls
-reduction of infant and child mortality
-increasing sustainability of food production
-improvement in water quality
-and other aspects of social welfare all become strategies for reducing population growth.
The reduction of barriers to effective fertility-regulation methods is consistently associated with rapid fertility decline which is consistent with improvement of standards of living, stabilization of food supplies, and reducing environmental degradation

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33
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A
  • relies heavily upon the differences between developed and developing nations
  • predicts that as societies undergo industrialization and urbanization, death rates will fall, followed by a lag of declining fertility, during which population growth continues to occur until norms and values shift from large-family to small-family ideals
  • has been widely criticized and revised, particularly in recognition of the fact that it depends on the experiences of non-Western societies mirroring or converging with those of Europe and North America
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34
Q

Second Demographic Transition Model

A
  • created by Ronald Lesthaeghe in 2010
  • Once nations achieve low levels of fertility and mortality in the first demographic transition, they are able to achieve a second transition that involves a change in values that are often characterized by secularization, egalitarianism, and individuality
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35
Q

If we all lived as densely as people in Manhattan, every human could fit inside

A

Norway

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36
Q

population projections

A

theories of population change guide analyses of future population growth

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37
Q

“cohort-component” methodologies

A

following theory and research on population dynamics, fertility, mortality, and migration are considered as individual sources of demographic change that vary within populations by age and sex

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38
Q

medium-fertility projection

A

represents a probabilistic-model fertility decline based upon past trends at the global and national levels, thus incorporating two scales of modeling

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39
Q

By the end of the 21st century, which of the following regions will see their share decrease while still holding the largest share of the world’s population?

A

Asia

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40
Q

Which of the following are correct statements about the world’s population

A
  • By 2050, India is projected to be the most populous country in the world
  • Projections of the world’s population in 2050 vary between 7.3 billion and 15.6 billion people, depending on the fertility rate.
  • By 2050, India’s population is projected to reach 1.6 billion people
  • China’s population is projected to peak by 2030 at 1.5 billion and decline to about 1.4 billion by 2050
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41
Q

According to the UN Population Division’s 2020 analyses, what is the medium variant projection for the world’s population by 2100?

A

10.9 billion people by 2100

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42
Q

Which of the following variants project that the world’s total population will surpass 9 billion people by 2100

A

Constant Fertility Variant

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43
Q

Which countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world’s population?

A

countries in Asia

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44
Q

What has the Human Genome Project found that tells us that variations in health outcomes based on race and ethnicity are linked to something other than DNA

A
  • DNA shows that all humans are 99.9% the same

- There’s more variation within a like group than between single individuals of different groups

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45
Q

What are some of the uneven effects brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic felt by people of color in London?

A
  • When looking at survival at 30 days, patients of Black and Asian ethnicity had an increased risk of death
  • A significant gap in health outcomes between White, Asian, and Black communities admitted to hospital with complications from COVID-19
  • Those of Asian and Black ethnicity were younger and fitter and were dying from COVID-19
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46
Q

According to the UN’s 2020 projections, the two countries with the largest populations will continue to see growth, but where ___________ is projected to peak in size at 1.5 billion in 2030, _____________ is projected to soon overtake it, reaching an estimated 1.6 billion by 2050.

A

China/India

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47
Q

population policy

A

a deliberately constructed or modified institutional arrangement or specific program through which a government influences demographic change, directly or indirectly

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48
Q

How many people do you think are currently living away from their place of birth?

A

216 Million=3% of pop.

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49
Q

There are two ways in which population challenges and human rights are connected:

A
  • One is when people leave their origin countries behind due to persecution, in other words, when their human rights are violated.
  • The other connection is when the fears in destination countries lead to increasingly restrictive migration policies which then also lead to the violation of human rights.
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50
Q

How are refugees’ human rights violated

A

-stopped from entering countries through agencies like Fortex and U.S ICE even though they’re allowed to leave countries for fear of persecution

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51
Q

Since the Civil War in Syria

A

More than 22,500 migrants have reportedly died or disappeared globally since 2014 – more than half of them perishing while attempting to cross the Mediterranean

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52
Q

Which UN organ can authorize military intervention to enforce human rights?

A

The Security Council

53
Q

Which of the following are human rights NGOs ?

A
  • Amnesty International

- Human Rights Watch

54
Q

Cultural relativism is based on the notion that

A
  • Local traditions trump the rights in the UDHR

- The final authority in determining for the rights of a citizenry lies with the people and their government

55
Q

Universalism is represented by the idea that:

A

Human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status

56
Q

Who was instrumental in ensuring that the phrase “all men are created equal” was replaced with “all human beings are born free and equal”?

A

Hansa Mehta, India

57
Q

What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?

A

A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles

58
Q

What are reasons why the U.S. didn’t ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until well after the treaty had gone into effect

A
  • The U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty
  • The U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism
59
Q

The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the US ratify the treaty?

A

1992

60
Q

The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on

A

Whether a government needs to act to ensure that rights are protected

61
Q

Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of ________________ people, second and third-generation rights reflect the rights of ________________ people.

A

Individual / groups of

62
Q

Which are the ways in which the UN supports human rights

A
  • First, it formulates and defines international standards by approving conventions and making declarations.
  • Second, it advances human rights by promoting knowledge (education) and providing public support.
  • Third level, it supports human rights by protecting or implementing them (ex: sixteen peacekeeping operations and one special political mission on four continents)
  • Fourth level that the United Nations operates at in supporting human rights is enforcement through things like economic development
63
Q

Responsibility to protect (R2P)

A
  • adopted at the 2005 World Summit
  • R2P stresses that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity
  • also maintains that the international community has a responsibility to intervene in these situations when a state fails to do so
  • example of the UN’s direct enforcement of human rights
  • used to prosecute in The Former Yugoslavian countries
  • Intervention can only be authorized by the US Security Council
  • used to authorize North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) combat operations in Libya in 2011 and the French-led military operations in the Central African Republic in 2013
64
Q

Several reasons that countries may sign UN conventions even if they have no apparent intention to enforce them:

A

1) most countries want to appear to the world as though they treat their citizens justly
2) some countries, regardless of their human rights records, are reluctant to subject themselves to the jurisdiction of world bodies such as the UN.
3) the UN is not an independent body or a world government; it is subject to the whims of its members and has no more power or resources than it is given by its members
4) A final inhibiting factor is the availability of money for UN operations

65
Q

the “inglorious years”

A
  • Cold War (late 1940s to 1990)
  • massive human rights violations were overlooked by the two superpowers
  • the United States and the Soviet Union were vying for support from countries while giving little attention to their human rights records
  • the United States supported many governments that were responsible for widespread human rights violations, but justified its support on the basis of fighting communism
  • The Soviet Union did the same thing, with different justification— fighting Western imperialism and capitalism.
66
Q

After the cold war/ inglorious years

A
  • things began to change that contradicted the traditional understanding of state sovereignty
  • ex: at the end of the Gulf War in April 1991, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 688, which permitted the establishment of temporary havens for refugees inside Iraq—without Iraq’s permission
  • ex: In early 1993 and again in late 1994, two international tribunals were established by the UN Security Council to deal with crimes against humanity, one in the former Yugoslavia and one in Rwanda.
67
Q

International Criminal Court (ICC)

A

-est. in 1998
- it is the first ever permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to promote the rule of law and ensure that the gravest international crimes do not go unpunished. The ICC will be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions
-The ICC Statute entered into force on July 1, 2002, after sixty countries had ratified it
-123 countries are parties to the Rome Statute. However, the United States, China, India, Indonesia have not joined
-Located in The Hague
Criticisms:
-Africans believe it is unfairly targeting Africans—specifically black Africans—in the cases being brought before it
-Critics claim the Court is ignoring crimes against humanity that are being committed in the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America

68
Q

Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:

A

Africa

69
Q

proscriptive rights or negative rights

A
  • they proscribe or prohibit certain government actions and they are considered negative because they are based on the ABSENCE of government interference in people’s lives
  • Originated in seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century Western ideas & found expression in the revolutions of France, Britain, and the United States
70
Q

the United States has been reluctant to commit itself to many of the popular UN conventions because:

A

-the United States does not like to relinquish its sovereignty and open itself to foreign criticism

71
Q

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

A
  • went into force when 35 states signed and ratified it in 1976
  • was not ratified by the US Senate until 1992
  • the rights enumerated here are civil liberties
  • the treaty not only provides protections of rights but also prohibits specific behaviors such as torture, as well as degrading treatment or punishment
  • there is a body of independent experts who monitor state compliance
72
Q

Which of the following is a first-generation right?

A

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion

73
Q

As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur

A
  • To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country
  • To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses
74
Q

Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?

A

First (civil and political rights)

75
Q

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories

A

3

76
Q

social and economic rights

A
  • 2nd generation rights
  • require that governments be proactive
  • also called positive (or prescriptive) rights because they require that governments act to make sure they are protected
  • developed in response to what is considered to be the excessive individualism of the first generation of rights and the impact of Western capitalism and imperialism
  • focus on social equality and the responsibility of one’s government to provide for its citizens
  • require the positive provision of government services
  • establish an acceptable standard of living, or minimal level of equality, for all citizens.
77
Q

solidarity rights

A
  • 3rd generation rights
  • the responsibility to act is placed not just on one government but on all governments because to address these rights requires international cooperation
  • these rights were articulated for those who came late to the wave of industrialization that swept the Western countries during the past two centuries (Global south and LDCs that constitute 80 percent of the world’s population but receive a very small portion of its benefits)
  • The third-generation rights do not have the status of other rights and are still in the process of articulation and implementation
  • ex: the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Right to Development in December 1986
  • ex: The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2015 bring together the environment, economic development, and human rights more strongly than ever before
78
Q

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICE- SCR)

A
  • an agreement to expand and elaborate this second generation of rights
  • introduced to the General Assembly in 1955
  • The United States has not ratified this covenant a
  • The two international covenants (ICCPR and ICESCR) plus the UDHR are often grouped together and referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights
79
Q

Some students of human rights merge the second and third generations

A
  • The UN has done this in its Human Development Report, published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), arguing that human rights cannot be realized without human development, and that human development cannot be realized without human rights
  • Others argue that separating rights into the three generations leads to first-generation rights being valued more than second- or third-generation
80
Q

What activities are key to successful intervention by UN human rights workers (such as what the OHCHR staff have been doing in Serbia)

A
  • Making contacts with NGOs to make sure that everyone knows about international human rights standards
  • Providing legal assistance
  • Working with state governments at all levels to ensure that rights are protected
81
Q

First-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________:

A

Capitalism / socialism

82
Q

Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?

A

Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work

83
Q

Which of the following are examples brought up by the U.S. State Department Report on the kinds of human rights violations found in specific countries

A
  • Indiscriminate attacks on civilians and hospitals

- Use of torture and rape as weapons of war

84
Q

Which of the following countries are particularly highlighted by the UN High Commissioner for their egregious human rights violations

A

Yemen & Syria

84
Q

Which of the following countries are particularly highlighted by the UN High Commissioner for their egregious human rights violations

A

Yemen & Syria

85
Q

What is one of the criticisms levied against the U.S.’ involvement in the Syrian civil war?

A

U.S. led airstrikes have caused large-scale destruction and deaths of civilians but the U.S. does not take responsibility

86
Q

What does the High Commissioner for Human Rights say started the civil war in Syria

A

The severe human rights violations (torture of children) by the Syrian government

87
Q

Human Right Watch approach

A

-Document abuses
-Publicize facts
-Advocate
(Investigate, expose, change)

88
Q

What do we call the process when governments tax carbon dioxide in order to reduce fossil fuel energy consumption?

A

Carbon Pricing

89
Q

Which renewable energy source has the potential to generate more than eighteen times the global electricity demand?

A

WInd

90
Q

How much of the world’s food is generally wasted?

A

30%

91
Q

Which of the following are examples that should inspire hope in our efforts to curb climate change?

A
  • Iceland’s move from fossil fuel dependency to generating almost 100% of its electricity from renewable energy sources
  • Costa Rica’s ability to generate over 98% of its electricity from renewable energy sources
92
Q

Order the following from most to least in terms of their cumulative emissions over the time period 1751-2017.

A

America, Europe, then China

93
Q

As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2018 per capita carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?

A

Qatar

94
Q

The hypothetical example used to explain why groups of individuals might overexploit shared environmental resources even when they know that it could be against their long-term interests is known as:

A

The Tragedy of the Commons

95
Q

Where are the two largest remaining ice sheets on earth?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

96
Q

What can be done about species extinction

A
  • Consume less meat
  • Reduce deforestation in the tropics to zero
  • Fly less
97
Q

By how much has the Earth’s average surface temperature risen between 1880 and 2019?

A

1 degree celsius

98
Q

The Paris Agreement was successful in as much as it built on commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by, amongst others, both the United States and China. However, it has been criticized for

A

Lacking mandatory cuts in emissions

Having cuts that don’t go deep enough

99
Q

What is the green revolution?

A
  • a revolutionary innovation on agriculture
  • the creation of a high-yield, disease resistant crop
  • the application of technology in order to increase agricultural output
100
Q

What is required for Agenda 2030 to be fulfilled

A
  • That the needed transitions are embedded in the policies, budgets, institutions, and regulatory frameworks of governments, cities, and local authorities
  • That global action be taken to secure greater leadership, more resources, and smarter solutions
  • That people, including youth, civil society, the media, the private sector, unions, academia, and other stakeholders, generate an unstoppable movement pushing for the required transformations
101
Q

Why is plastic pollution such a big environmental problem

A
  • Forty percent of all plastics are used only once before being discarded
  • Seabirds ingest plastic mistaking it for fish
  • If current trends continue, our oceans could contain more plastic than fish by 2050
  • There are so many different types of plastic, and it can be hard, or in some cases impossible, to recycle
102
Q

What was one of the first countrys to ban plastic bags?

A

Rwanda and Bangladesh

103
Q

How many items of clothing are produced globally each year?

A

100 billion

104
Q

In 2015, the UN’s ___________________ expired and were replaced by the ____________________.

A

Millennium Development Goals / Sustainable Development Goals

105
Q

Which of the following are among the main criticisms levied against the Millennium Development Goals

A
  • The goals were set primarily as something for developing countries to achieve with financial assistance from industrialized states
  • They neither considered the root causes of poverty nor of gender inequality
  • The goals were too narrow
  • The goals did not address the holistic nature of development and did not specifically address economic development
106
Q

What does “MDGs” stand for?

A

Millennium Development Goals

107
Q

Which of the following are examples of MDG successes

A
  • The number of people living in extreme poverty declined substantially
  • The maternal mortality ratio declined by 45% worldwide
108
Q

What are reasons why in 2000 the UN General Assembly adopted the MDGs

A
  • HIV/AIDS had rolled back life expectancies in some countries
  • Increasing concerns over globalization and emerging issues such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic
  • While the total number of people living in poverty had dropped slightly, virtually no progress was made in sub-Saharan Africa
109
Q

What can we say about the success of the Millennium Development Goals?

A

Progress was uneven across regions and countries

110
Q

Goals of MGC

A
  • halving extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality, reducing the mortality of children under age five by two-thirds, reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS, halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water, and ensuring environmental sustainability
  • and building a global partnership for development
111
Q

What benefits can be gained from having green roofs

A
  • They reduce the ambient temperature

- They save millions of gallons of storm water runoff because the water is absorbed by the soil and the plants

112
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives in cities?

A

50%

113
Q

What are megacities?

A

Metropolitan areas with more than 10 million people

114
Q

Which of the following are sustainability projects covered in the report on ‘The Future of Cities’

A
  • Bricks made out of discarded plastic in Karachi, Pakistan
  • An electric rickshaw that residents in Santiago de Chile can ride for free
  • Water bottles turned into solar lightbulbs in Manila, Philippines
  • The first smart city, Songdo, South Korea, with highly efficient infrastructure and a waste management system that carries trash and recyclables through underground tunnels to their processing facilities
115
Q

Which of the following are problems associated with megacities?

A

Overcrowding
Aging infrastructure (e.g. mass transit and highways)
Housing shortage
Pollution

116
Q

Which of the following are benefits of the African “Great Green Wall”

A
  • The tree canopy increases moisture in the air and provides shade, reducing the need for watering
  • Reverses desertification
  • Protects against soil erosion
  • Tree roots hold water in soil
117
Q

Who created the SDGs

A

the SDGs were negotiated by governments that met thirteen times between March 2013 and July 2014

118
Q

What are SDGs? & how they different from MGCs?

A
  • 17 goals and 169 targets
  • adopted in 2015
  • The goals are supposed to end poverty and hunger, and achieve sustainable development in its three dimensions through promoting inclusive economic growth, protecting the environment, and promoting social inclusion.
  • They also encompass human rights, gender equality, women’s and girls’ empowerment, and peaceful and inclusive societies.
  • Second, the SDGs are universal—in other words, an agenda for both developing and industrialized countries.
  • third, unlike the MDGs, the SDGs are supposed to ensure that no country or person is left behind.
119
Q

How were the SDGs important to UN?

A

The SDGs became the centerpiece of the UN’s post-2015 development agenda, titled Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which was adopted at a summit of heads of state and government in September 2015

120
Q

SDG’s goals

A
  • The first six SDGs (no poverty, no hunger, good health, quality education, gender equality, and clean water and sanitation) updated and enhanced the MDGs
  • Goals 7–10 (affordable and clean energy; decent work and economic growth; industry, innovation, and infrastructure; and reduced inequalities) moved beyond the MDGs and represent some of the most transformational goals that truly expanded the scope of development to include the root causes of poverty and inequality
  • Goals 11–15 address the impact that humans have on the natural environment and how this affects social and economic development. They address sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate change, life below water, and life on land.
  • Finally, Goals 16–17 create the enabling environment for the achievement of the SDGs. Human rights, peace and security, and the rule of law were “new” to the sustainable development agenda.
121
Q

SDG praise & criticism:

A

-deliberately the product of a more grassroots process
-To achieve sustainable development, these challenges must be addressed in an integrated way
-general consensus that it is better to have more goals that include targets on women’s empowerment, the environment, good governance, and peace and security
-also a way to hold governments to account
-also built on the idea of partners
Criticism:
-a massive list of 17 goals and 169 targets was a recipe for failure, a set of goals that would be quickly forgotten
-criticized the SDGs because they rely on the old model of endless growth of gross domestic product and higher economic productivity across the board
-The SDGs want to reduce inequality by ratcheting the poor up, but while leaving the wealth and power of the global 1 percent intact. They want the best of both worlds.
-while many of the SDGs contain elements of the three dimensions of sustainability, the level of integration is far lower than justified from a science perspective and far lower than discussed in the preparation process

122
Q

September 2019, the UN General Assembly convened the SDG Summit to review the first four years of implementation of the 2030 Agenda:

A

-agreement that while there was commitment to the 2030 Agenda, the world was off track so the Decade for Action was issued by the Secretary-General

123
Q

Decade for Action:

A
  • called for action on three levels: global, local, and individual
  • global: governments must end conflicts, increase financing and support innovating financing for the SDGs, scale up private investment for sustainable development, and focus on solutions that will have the greatest impact across the agenda, including gender equality, a just and inclusive economy, sufficient energy and food systems, sustainable cities, and taking on the climate crisis
  • local: domestic policies and action must be aligned with the 2030 Agenda, including developing ambitious climate plans under the Paris climate accords. It is also important to have an enabling environment that maximizes the potential of cities and local authorities, protects human rights, fosters private sector development, and attracts foreign direct investment
  • individual: called on civil society, grassroots organizations, the media, the private sector, unions, academia, and others to mobilize partnerships, embrace new business models that match the demands of the 2030 Agenda, develop new technologies, and hold leaders to account
124
Q

Covid-19 effect on SGD & Decade for Action:

A
  • the pandemic exposed and exacerbated existing inequalities and injustices
  • even in areas where advancement toward the SDGs was recorded, such as improved maternal and child health, expanded access to electricity, and increased female representation government, decades of progress were wiped out within a matter of weeks
  • An estimated 71 million people, according to the World Bank, were expected to be pushed back into extreme poverty, marking the first rise in global poverty since 1998
  • hundreds of thousands of people lost their lives. Tens if not hundreds of millions of people lost their jobs. More than a billion children were shut out of schools. Trillions of dollars of economic activity disappeared
  • BUT, the crises of 2020 actually demonstrate that we already have a starting point for a global response & expose precisely the failures that are addressed in the essential principles of the 2030 Agenda
125
Q

How SGDs can help global crises’:

A

1) response to pandemic
2) response to the resulting economic crisis, which has affected millions of people’s lives, their livelihoods, and the economy
3) learn from the crisis and build back better
- With regard to the challenge of systemic racism, the SDGs also provide a roadmap. The SDGs are, essence, a plan to combat racism because racism is inherent in the challenges of sustainable development. All these issues—poverty, hunger, healthcare, education, women’s rights, access to clean water and sanitation, employment, inequality, living conditions cities, pollution, climate change, the environment, and the need for more inclusive societies—disproportionately affect people of color, whether they live in Africa or New York City.
- implementing the 2030 Agenda, specifically SDGs 11, 13, 14, and 15 (sustain able cities, climate change, life under water, and life on land) and the Paris climate accords can help reduce the transmission of zoonotic diseases, which will improve human health and the natural environment.

126
Q

economic health is dependent on social and ecological health

A
127
Q

Who are the stakeholders that need to align to convince a company to go green?

A

A company’s management, investors, and consumers

128
Q

An inclusive ___________ is one that improves human well-being and builds social equity while reducing environmental risks and scarcities.

A

Green Economy

Global Issues (2 decks)

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