Challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards
urbanisation
the rise in percentage of people living in urban areas
what countries are expected to see the biggest rise in urban population?
asia and africa
what causes this rise in asia and africa
migration to cities, natural increase (eg more births than deaths)
where are most of the worlds largest cities
in developing countries
when did these cities grow
during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries
how much does the population increase by
it doubles every 30 years
what will asias urban population be like by 2050?
64%
what will africas urban population be by 2025
58%
million city
any city with a population over 1 million
megacity
a city with a population of over 10 million
how many million cities in 1950
83
how many million cities in 2015
over 500
where were the megacities by 2015
75% of the worlds megacities were in emerging countries e.g são paulo, shanghai, mumbai
urban primacy
an importance and influence bigger than a country’s size suggests e.g. london
World cities
megacities that play an disproportionate role in world affairs
what is the main cause of growth in cities like asia and africa?
economic growth which created new jobs
what causes economic growth in emerging countries?
TNC’s and manufacturing have caused rapid industrialisation
what causes economic growth in HIC’s
service economies expanding
how does migration cause urbanisation
people move to cities and urban areas to find work
what is kampala the capital of
uganda
what is kampalas growth mainly driven by
internal migration and natural increase
what is rural urban migration a result of
factors that ‘pull’ people to kampala and ‘push’ people from countrysides
urban pull factors for kampala
growth in jobs, better opportunities, better quality of life, better housing, better paid jobs, better education,health, entertainment services
push factors of the countryside for kampala
rural poverty, drought and flooding, lack of investment, lack of services, lack of opportunities, low pay,
why has new york’s growth been speeding up (3 reasons)
net growth from overseas migration, natural increase, the knowledge economy, its focus on finance has increased international migration
what is detroit usa home to
general motors, the worlds largest vehicle company
what was detroits population in 1950
1.85 million
what was detroits population in 2015
673000
what happened between 1960 and 2000 in detroit
it’s wealthier population left leaving a poorer population
what happened to detroits income and services
income from local taxes reduced and services declined
what happened to the general motors between 2000-10
their sales halved and it made cars using robotics so fewer people were needed decreasing job opportunities
where did general motor get their parts from?
overseas which put local supply companies out of work leading to deindustrailisation
what did the deindustrialisation in detroit lead to
people leaving the city to find jobs elsewhere
what is kampalas informal economy like?
it’s informal economy is large and uganda earns half of its estimated GDP from informal work
what people make up kampalas informal workers
women, the young and the poor
what is kampalas formal economy like?
it is growing slowly because most of ugandans are subsistence farmers, manufacturing only employs 5% of ugandas population and services are a main part of its formal economy (shops and offices)
what is kampala?
a developing city
subsistence farming
farming to provide for your family in order to survive and selling any left over, there usually isn’t any
informal economy
an unofficial economy, the workers are not on a contract or are taxed by government
formal economy
A portion of a nation’s economy that includes businesses that are formally registered, taxed, licensed, and regulated.
what is new delhi
an emerging city
how many workers in new delhi are in the informal economy
75%
where does new delhi get a lot of its gdp from
services earn new delhi 78% of is GDP, manufacturing contributes 20% but the clothing industry is growing fast
where is most of new delhi’s informal economy
most is in factories but there are no regulations about minimum wage, benefits or working conditions
what is the most valuable part of new york’s economy
the knowledge economy
10% of new york’s employment was provided by who in 2014
financial companies alone
what is manufacturing like in new york
it is small with 10% of employment
how much does the informal economy earn for new york’s GDP each year
7%
what does new york’s informal economy consist of
migrants both legal and illegal, self employed workers who may not declare income to tax officials, it is greatest in construction and catering
what do workers in new york’s informal economy get
they have no protection, often work long hours for less than minimum wage
what did new york start off as
manhatten
how could manhatten trade with europe
its deep harbour enabled it to trade with europe and was the main entry point for immigration
what happened in the 1840s to manhatten
irish migrants came to escape famine
who arrived in the 1870’s to 80’s in manhatten
millions from eastern and southern europe and communities formed ethnic enclaves
what is an ethnic enclave
a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity
what made urban expansion possible in manhattan
subway and rail system expansion, people could go from manhatten to the bronx, brooklyn or queens and road bridges fed traffic into manhattan on freeways
counter urbanisation in new york
from 1950-80 new york lost 12% of its population, those who left tended to be white second generation migrants which left poorer migrant communities and black americans
what did this counter urbanisation cause
income from taxation fell, by 1975 new york was nearly bankrupt
urban push of new york
businesses looking for greenfield sites, fear of safety, crowded housing, congestion, poor schools and services, pollution, declining jobs, high land rents
greenfield site
an area of land that has not been developed previously
brownfield site
an old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development
green belt
land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted.
rural pull in new york
large shopping centres, better schools and services, more open spaces, low density, single family housing, safer neighbourhoods, cheaper land for larger properties, accessible, cheap fuel, high average incomes
how did manhattan expand
it couldn’t expand outwards because it was an island so it had to build upwards making many sky scrapers, this is why many people live in apartments not their own houses
re-urbanisation in new york was caused by
knowledge economy creating jobs, closure of docks and industries allowed regeneration with new apartments and offices on brownfield sites, ‘zero tolerance’ policy on crime so safer city
suburbanisation
where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people
re urbanisation
the movement of people back into a once abandoned city
counter urbanisation
the movement of people out of the city to live in rural areas
regeneration
the long-term upgrading of existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change
what is CBD
central business district (finance, admin offices, retail, government buildings)
what does the inner city consists of
older housing, industries, brownfield sites
what is the rural urban fringe
the space between the open countryside and the built-up cities and suburbs
what does the rural urban fringe consist of
green belt and greenfield sites
commercial land use characteristics
mostly in CBD, taller buildings at higher density, ‘low rise’ businesses and retail parks in rural urban fringe
how commercial land use develops (5 ways)
CBD most accessible part of city, demand for land is greatest, space limited=buildupwards, land is expensive-every bit is used, business parks near main road for easy access
industrial land use characteristics
older industries in inner city, more recent industries in rural urban fringe, close to transport links
how industrial land use develops (2 ways)
away from CBD due to need for space, older industries rely on canals, rivers and rail, newer industries reply on road transport
residential use of land characteristics
usually in suburbs, older properties close to centre, housing varies between terraced, semi detached, detached, appartments and large housing estate on outskirts
