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Geography Topic 3 > Challenges of an urbanising world > Flashcards

Challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanisation

A

the rise in percentage of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

what countries are expected to see the biggest rise in urban population?

A

asia and africa

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3
Q

what causes this rise in asia and africa

A

migration to cities, natural increase (eg more births than deaths)

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4
Q

where are most of the worlds largest cities

A

in developing countries

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5
Q

when did these cities grow

A

during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries

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6
Q

how much does the population increase by

A

it doubles every 30 years

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7
Q

what will asias urban population be like by 2050?

A

64%

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8
Q

what will africas urban population be by 2025

A

58%

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9
Q

million city

A

any city with a population over 1 million

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10
Q

megacity

A

a city with a population of over 10 million

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11
Q

how many million cities in 1950

A

83

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12
Q

how many million cities in 2015

A

over 500

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13
Q

where were the megacities by 2015

A

75% of the worlds megacities were in emerging countries e.g são paulo, shanghai, mumbai

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14
Q

urban primacy

A

an importance and influence bigger than a country’s size suggests e.g. london

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15
Q

World cities

A

megacities that play an disproportionate role in world affairs

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16
Q

what is the main cause of growth in cities like asia and africa?

A

economic growth which created new jobs

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17
Q

what causes economic growth in emerging countries?

A

TNC’s and manufacturing have caused rapid industrialisation

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18
Q

what causes economic growth in HIC’s

A

service economies expanding

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19
Q

how does migration cause urbanisation

A

people move to cities and urban areas to find work

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20
Q

what is kampala the capital of

A

uganda

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21
Q

what is kampalas growth mainly driven by

A

internal migration and natural increase

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22
Q

what is rural urban migration a result of

A

factors that ‘pull’ people to kampala and ‘push’ people from countrysides

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23
Q

urban pull factors for kampala

A

growth in jobs, better opportunities, better quality of life, better housing, better paid jobs, better education,health, entertainment services

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24
Q

push factors of the countryside for kampala

A

rural poverty, drought and flooding, lack of investment, lack of services, lack of opportunities, low pay,

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25
Q

why has new york’s growth been speeding up (3 reasons)

A

net growth from overseas migration, natural increase, the knowledge economy, its focus on finance has increased international migration

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26
Q

what is detroit usa home to

A

general motors, the worlds largest vehicle company

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27
Q

what was detroits population in 1950

A

1.85 million

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28
Q

what was detroits population in 2015

A

673000

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29
Q

what happened between 1960 and 2000 in detroit

A

it’s wealthier population left leaving a poorer population

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30
Q

what happened to detroits income and services

A

income from local taxes reduced and services declined

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31
Q

what happened to the general motors between 2000-10

A

their sales halved and it made cars using robotics so fewer people were needed decreasing job opportunities

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32
Q

where did general motor get their parts from?

A

overseas which put local supply companies out of work leading to deindustrailisation

33
Q

what did the deindustrialisation in detroit lead to

A

people leaving the city to find jobs elsewhere

34
Q

what is kampalas informal economy like?

A

it’s informal economy is large and uganda earns half of its estimated GDP from informal work

35
Q

what people make up kampalas informal workers

A

women, the young and the poor

36
Q

what is kampalas formal economy like?

A

it is growing slowly because most of ugandans are subsistence farmers, manufacturing only employs 5% of ugandas population and services are a main part of its formal economy (shops and offices)

37
Q

what is kampala?

A

a developing city

38
Q

subsistence farming

A

farming to provide for your family in order to survive and selling any left over, there usually isn’t any

39
Q

informal economy

A

an unofficial economy, the workers are not on a contract or are taxed by government

40
Q

formal economy

A

A portion of a nation’s economy that includes businesses that are formally registered, taxed, licensed, and regulated.

41
Q

what is new delhi

A

an emerging city

42
Q

how many workers in new delhi are in the informal economy

A

75%

43
Q

where does new delhi get a lot of its gdp from

A

services earn new delhi 78% of is GDP, manufacturing contributes 20% but the clothing industry is growing fast

44
Q

where is most of new delhi’s informal economy

A

most is in factories but there are no regulations about minimum wage, benefits or working conditions

45
Q

what is the most valuable part of new york’s economy

A

the knowledge economy

46
Q

10% of new york’s employment was provided by who in 2014

A

financial companies alone

47
Q

what is manufacturing like in new york

A

it is small with 10% of employment

48
Q

how much does the informal economy earn for new york’s GDP each year

A

7%

49
Q

what does new york’s informal economy consist of

A

migrants both legal and illegal, self employed workers who may not declare income to tax officials, it is greatest in construction and catering

50
Q

what do workers in new york’s informal economy get

A

they have no protection, often work long hours for less than minimum wage

51
Q

what did new york start off as

A

manhatten

52
Q

how could manhatten trade with europe

A

its deep harbour enabled it to trade with europe and was the main entry point for immigration

53
Q

what happened in the 1840s to manhatten

A

irish migrants came to escape famine

54
Q

who arrived in the 1870’s to 80’s in manhatten

A

millions from eastern and southern europe and communities formed ethnic enclaves

55
Q

what is an ethnic enclave

A

a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity

56
Q

what made urban expansion possible in manhattan

A

subway and rail system expansion, people could go from manhatten to the bronx, brooklyn or queens and road bridges fed traffic into manhattan on freeways

57
Q

counter urbanisation in new york

A

from 1950-80 new york lost 12% of its population, those who left tended to be white second generation migrants which left poorer migrant communities and black americans

58
Q

what did this counter urbanisation cause

A

income from taxation fell, by 1975 new york was nearly bankrupt

59
Q

urban push of new york

A

businesses looking for greenfield sites, fear of safety, crowded housing, congestion, poor schools and services, pollution, declining jobs, high land rents

60
Q

greenfield site

A

an area of land that has not been developed previously

61
Q

brownfield site

A

an old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development

62
Q

green belt

A

land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted.

63
Q

rural pull in new york

A

large shopping centres, better schools and services, more open spaces, low density, single family housing, safer neighbourhoods, cheaper land for larger properties, accessible, cheap fuel, high average incomes

64
Q

how did manhattan expand

A

it couldn’t expand outwards because it was an island so it had to build upwards making many sky scrapers, this is why many people live in apartments not their own houses

65
Q

re-urbanisation in new york was caused by

A

knowledge economy creating jobs, closure of docks and industries allowed regeneration with new apartments and offices on brownfield sites, ‘zero tolerance’ policy on crime so safer city

66
Q

suburbanisation

A

where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people

67
Q

re urbanisation

A

the movement of people back into a once abandoned city

68
Q

counter urbanisation

A

the movement of people out of the city to live in rural areas

69
Q

regeneration

A

the long-term upgrading of existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change

70
Q

what is CBD

A

central business district (finance, admin offices, retail, government buildings)

71
Q

what does the inner city consists of

A

older housing, industries, brownfield sites

72
Q

what is the rural urban fringe

A

the space between the open countryside and the built-up cities and suburbs

73
Q

what does the rural urban fringe consist of

A

green belt and greenfield sites

74
Q

commercial land use characteristics

A

mostly in CBD, taller buildings at higher density, ‘low rise’ businesses and retail parks in rural urban fringe

75
Q

how commercial land use develops (5 ways)

A

CBD most accessible part of city, demand for land is greatest, space limited=buildupwards, land is expensive-every bit is used, business parks near main road for easy access

76
Q

industrial land use characteristics

A

older industries in inner city, more recent industries in rural urban fringe, close to transport links

77
Q

how industrial land use develops (2 ways)

A

away from CBD due to need for space, older industries rely on canals, rivers and rail, newer industries reply on road transport

78
Q

residential use of land characteristics

A

usually in suburbs, older properties close to centre, housing varies between terraced, semi detached, detached, appartments and large housing estate on outskirts

Geography Topic 3 (1 decks)

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