Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Edexcel GCSE Geography > Challenges Of An Urbanising World > Flashcards

Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The general trend of people moving to towns and cities, compared to rural areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

Increased amounts of people moving to the outskirts of a city - in the residential areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

People moving away from the cities causing population decline in inner-city areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can cities cope with counter-urbanisation?

A

Find new technologies to keep up with other cities. E.g: Detroit has been largely abandoned due to the failing car industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

When industry in a city begins to decline e.g. Detroit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is re-urbanisation?

A

A place that has a resurgence in people moving there after experiencing counter-urbanisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The redevelopment of older, run-down inner city areas to attract people to live closer. This includes new shopping centres, flats, houses, etc.
E.g: Birmingham

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Primate city?

A

A city with importance and influence disproportionately greater than what their size would suggest. It must be at least twice as big or significant than the next largest city in its country/ region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city that trades and invests globally. (The importance and influence of these cities are bigger than the size suggests.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three world city ratings?

A
  • World City
  • Alpha +
  • Alpha ++
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name a world city

A

Any from:
Mexico City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Madrid, Brussels, Frankfurt, Moscow, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Seoul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name an alpha + city

A

Any from:

Paris, Milan, Beijing, Shanghai, Hongkong, Tokyo, Singapore and Sydney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name an alpha ++ city

A

London or New York

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define globalisation

A

Increased connections between cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define political influence

A

Influencing the governments and large, powerful businesses of a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define economic influence

A

Influencing investment, migration and transport of a city

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define growth rate

A

The rate at which a population increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is growth rate changing in the mega cities of developing countries?

A

It is faster and on a larger scale than before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a Mega City?

A

A very large metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define connectivity

A

How easy it is to travel/ connect with other places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare the importance of push and pull factors:

A

Push factors are more influential as they remove the element of choice instead of just encouraging a person to move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What push factors drive people to different areas

A
  • Lack of job opportunities
  • Lack of services
  • Lack of entertainment

International migrants increased the population by 14% between 2001 and 2011

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What pull factors attract people?

A
  • Economic reform led to a demand for labour
  • Higher incomes
  • Better health, education and entertainment services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name a developing, emerging and developed country (case study’s)

A

Malawi
India
UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the employment type of developing, emerging and developed countries?

A

Developing: Informal economy
Emerging: Secondary/ manufacturing industry
Developed: Tertiary industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is formal employment?

A

Guaranteed jobs which are contracted with a set salary and health benefits (e.g. insurance). This means that tax has to be payed on income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is informal employment?

A

Work with no contracts, insurance, rights or social security. This means no tax has to be payed but there is no employment protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 5 sections in the Burgess land use model?

A
  • CBD (central business district)
  • Inner City
  • Inner Suburbs
  • Outer Suburbs
  • Rural-Urban Fringe
29
Q

What is the difference between formal and informal employment?

A

Formal: Large scale, high level employment (often in factories)
Informal: Small scale, low level employment (either at home or on the street)

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the CBD?

A
  • Tall skyscrapers
  • Services
  • Crowded
  • Good transportation links
  • Shopping malls and pedestrian precincts
31
Q

What are the characteristics of the Inner City?

A
  • High population

- Terraced housing and multi-storey buildings

32
Q

What are the characteristics of the Inner Suburbs?

A
  • Lower population density than CBD and Inner City
  • Residential area with semi-detatched housing
  • Land prices cheaper than CBD and Inner City
  • Local shops and places of worship are common
  • Less congestion
33
Q

What are the characteristics of the Outer Suburbs?

A
  • Detached houses
  • Modern housing estates (newer and more expensive)
  • Land prices cheaper than CBD and Inner City
  • Local shops and places of worship are common
34
Q

What are the characteristics of the Rural-Urban Fringe?

A

Mixture of land uses:

  • Agriculture
  • Airports
  • Golf courses
  • Allotments
  • Business parks
  • Housing
  • Stricter planning controls
35
Q

Where is Mumbai situated and why did people settle there?

A

It is located on the west coast of India and is surrounded by the Arabian Sea.
People settled as it had a safe harbour. It was changed into an industrial city as the harbour was naturally deep so was accessible to container ships.

36
Q

What are Mumbai’s national connections?

A
  • Holds India’s 2nd biggest port
  • Accessible by road and rail
  • Only 2 hours to other Indian cities by air
37
Q

What are Mumbai’s international connections?

A
  • Holds India’s busiest international airport
  • Internet
  • Bollywood
  • Telecommunications
  • Europe is accessible by the Suez Canal
38
Q

What are the site issues with Mumbai?

A

After rapid population growth in the 20th century Mumbai had to expand back up its long, narrow peninsula.
This meant that large amounts of Mumbai were overcrowded, unsanitary and unsafe for inhabitants.
Th New Mumbai suburd was proposed in 1970 which led to a population decline in the island district.

39
Q

What are the benefits of the National park in Mumbai?

A

Sanjay Gandhi is the worlds largest city park:

  • Reduces air pollution
  • Surrounded by city landscape (on high ground)
  • Provides a space for leisure activities
40
Q

How has industry in Mumbai changed with population growth?

A

Industrialisation meant that railways and factories were developed in the 19th century for cotton and textiles.
In the 20th century Mumbai had a decline in manufacturing to become a financial centre.
There has been a rise in the number of business headquarters, healthcare, IT and Bollywood in Mumbai.

41
Q

Where is Mumbai’s CBD? What is in it?

A

The Old Fort area on the southern tip.
This is where many headquarters are as well as many slums.
It is extremely expensive and very active.

42
Q

Where are the inner suburbs of Mumbai? What is in them?

A

The old textiles mills which are now redeveloped.
This is where squatter and slum settlements mainly lie.
The largest slum in Mumbai is here- DHARAVI

43
Q

What is in the outer suburbs?

A

New industrial sectors have developed along the railway lines in these suburbs all the way to New Mumbai.
The land is cheaper with more space available.
There is also less congestion and a better quality of life.

44
Q

How is Mumbai’s population growing? Past and present

A

Past: Steadily
Present: Rapidly with it growing three times faster that 1951-61

45
Q

Which 2 factors are leading to this rapid population increase?

A
  • Rural to urban migration

- Natural increase

46
Q

Name 2 manufacturing jobs in Mumbai

A
  • Textile industry

- Car production

47
Q

Name 2 high pay service sector jobs in Mumbai

A
  • Finance

- IT

48
Q

Name 2 low pay service sector jobs in Mumbai

A
  • Taxi services

- Street vendors

49
Q

What % of the population work in the informal sector? Give some job examples

A

60%

  • Barbers
  • Street vendors
  • Shoe makers
50
Q

What resources are available in Mumbai but not rural areas?

A

Education- Higher education e.g. Grant medical college
Transport- Cars, taxis, public transport: trams, bus service, trains (accessible and cheap)
Entertainment
Better Healthcare
Jobs- leading to a lower unemployment rate

51
Q

How are housing shortages a problem in Mumbai?

A

As housing is expensive (due to a lack of space and population growth), there are other areas that people live in:

  • Chawls: old tenement buildings, overcrowded, dangerous
  • Squatter settlements: 50% of private land, in dangerous locations
  • The poorest live on the streets and under bridges but still have to pay rent
52
Q

How is water supply and waste disposal an issue in Mumbai?

A
  • Water is rationed between 1 million people in slums
  • In slums water is only available for 2 hours/ day
  • There are no direct pipes for sewage and toilets in slums
  • 500+ people use one latrine in Dharavi
  • Wash in streams
  • Clean clothes in streams
  • Waste is also thrown in streams
53
Q

How are employment conditions an issue in Mumbai?

A

The informal sector has no worker protection leading to:

  • Long hours
  • Small, dark, hot rooms
  • Dangerous work without safety equipment
54
Q

How are limited services an issue in Mumbai?

A
  • Lack of space
  • No infrastructure
  • Bad cooking conditions
55
Q

How is traffic congestion an issue in Mumbai?

A
  • 1.8 million cars owned: gridlocked
  • 90% of people travel by rail: delays
  • Pedestrians and traditional transport increase traffic
56
Q

How is rapid expansion an issue in Mumbai?

A
  • Population growing faster than buildings can be built
  • Unsafe, short term infrastructure
  • Unreliable resources (e.g. water)
57
Q

What are two ways to measure sustainability?

A
  • ‘Three legged stool’: society, economy, environment

- ‘Quadrant’: equality, future, public participation, environment

58
Q

What is in the rural-urban fringe?

A

A mix of mainland towns and areas unsuitable for building (e.g. marshland or estuaries).
A large area of the national park is also here.

59
Q

What is a top-down strategy to help Mumbai?

A

Vision Mumbai

60
Q

What does Vision Mumbai aim to do?

A

Build 1 million low cost homes
Improve transport infrastructure
Reduce pollution

61
Q

What actions are Vision Mumbai taking?

A

Pipe water into new flats
300 extra public toilets
72 new trains
Raised train platform

62
Q

What are the advantages of Vision Mumbai?

A
  • Less train related deaths
  • Apartments replaced slums
  • Better water and sewage systems
63
Q

What are the disadvantages of Vision Mumbai?

A
  • Communities divided by the apartment blocks
  • 200 000 people moved from slums
  • Rent costs increased
  • Sewage discharge worsened water quality
64
Q

What is a bottom-up strategy to help Mumbai?

A

Lok Seva Sangem (LSS)

65
Q

What is Lok Seva Sangem (LSS)?

A

A charity in Mumbai to control the spread of leprosy in Chunabhatti

66
Q

What does Lok Seva Sangem (LSS) do?

A
  • Detection of skin diseases
  • Dermatology clinics
  • Pharmacies
  • Education to young children
67
Q

What are the advantages of Lok Seva Sangem?

A
  • Reduced the number of people with leprosy

- It educated people

68
Q

What are the disadvantages of Lok Seva Sangem (LSS)?

A
  • Only ran in specific slum communities

- It was reliant on charity funds, if money stopped coming in the charity would fail

Edexcel GCSE Geography (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions