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Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England > Challenges at Home and Abroad 1569-1588 > Flashcards

Challenges at Home and Abroad 1569-1588 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

A

1569-70

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2
Q

What was the other name for the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

A

Northern Rebellion

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3
Q

What was the aim of the Northern Rebellion?

A

Wanted to make England Catholic again. Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk and replace Elizabeth as monarch

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4
Q

Why did the Northern Rebellion fail?

A

Spanish support did not arrive. Many northern landowners remained loyal to Elizabeth. Robert Dudley told Elizabeth about the plan.

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5
Q

Why was the Northern Rebellion significant?

A

Showed Mary couldn’t be trusted. Elizabeth excommunicated, encouraging further Catholic plots against her. Elizabeth became harsher towards Catholics in England as they couldn’t be trusted.

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6
Q

When was Elizabeth excommunicated?

A

1570

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7
Q

When was the Ridolfi Plot?

A

1571

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8
Q

What were the causes of the Ridolfi Plot?

A

Increased suspicion of Catholics following Northern Rebellion led to harsh treatment of Catholics.

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9
Q

What were the details of the Ridolfi Plot?

A

Murder Elizabeth, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary on the throne.

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10
Q

What was the outcome of the Ridolfi Plot?

A

William Cecil found out about it. Norfolk was sentenced to death for his support.

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11
Q

Why was the Ridolfi Plot significant?

A

Confirmed the continued threat of Mary. Reinforced the threat from Spain, and forced England to try to improve relations with France to prevent them working together. Close monitoring of Catholics in England. From 1581, fines for sheltering priests & tried for treason if convert people to Catholicism.

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12
Q

When was the Throckmorton Plot?

A

1583

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13
Q

What was the plan for the Throckmorton Plot?

A

A French cousin of Mary (Duke of Guise) planned to invade, overthrow Elizabeth, free Mary and make her queen. Phillip II offered financial support and the pope approved of the plan. Francis Throckmorton passed letters from the plotters to Mary.

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14
Q

Why did the Throckmorton Plot fail?

A

Francis Walsingham discovered the plot.

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15
Q

Who was Francis Walsingham?

A

Elizabeth’s spymaster. Later Secretary of State.

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16
Q

Why was the Throckmorton Plot significant?

A

Revealed extent of threat by foreign Catholic powers, English Catholics and Mary. Throckmorton’s papers confirmed the existence of the ‘enemy within’. 11,000 Catholics imprisoned. Many fled England. Sheltering priests became punishable by death.

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17
Q

When was the Babington Plot?

A

1586

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18
Q

What was the plan for the Babington Plot?

A

Duke of Guise to invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne. Phillip II and pope supported the plot.

19
Q

Why did the Babington Plot fail?

A

Walsingham intercepted letters between Mary and the plotters. Her involvement could not be denied. Plotters rounded up and executed.

20
Q

Why was the Babington Plot significant?

A

Elizabeth became determined to crush the Catholic threat. The persecution of Catholics increased. Led to the execution of Mary.

21
Q

When was Mary Queen of Scots executed?

A

February 1587

22
Q

Why is the execution of Mary Queen of Scots significant?

A

Left Elizabeth without an heir. Removed an important threat to Elizabeth. Enraged Philip II & gave hi a reason to attack England. Set a dangerous precedent - executing an anointed monarch was risky.

23
Q

What was the nickname of the Council of Troubles?

A

Council of Blood

24
Q

When was the Council of Troubles established, and by whom?

A
  1. Duke of Alba
25
Q

When do the Dutch begin to rebel against Spain?

A

1566

26
Q

When was the Spanish Fury and Pacification of Ghent?

A

1576

27
Q

What was the Spanish Fury?

A

When Spanish troops mutinied and sacked the city of Antwerp, having not been paid.

28
Q

What was the Pacification of Ghent?

A

A document signed by all 17 Dutch provinces (both Catholic and Protestant) calling for the Spanish to leave the Netherlands.

29
Q

How did Elizabeth informally support the Dutch rebels?

A

Sending mercenaries to the Netherlands. Allowing rebel ships (Sea Beggars) to shelter in English ports. Encouraging Drake and others to attack Spanish ships in the New World.

30
Q

Why had Spain been able to restore its control of the Netherlands by late 1584?

A

New leader in Netherlands - Duke of Parma. England’s key allies were dead. Treaty of Joinville gave Spain support. Dutch Catholics ready to make peace with Spain.

31
Q

When was the Treaty of Joinville signed?

A

1584

32
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Joinville?

A

Spain and French Catholics would work together against the English & Dutch threat.

33
Q

What treaty was Elizabeth forced into, following the Treaty of Joinville?

A

Treaty of Nonsuch

34
Q

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed?

A

1585

35
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Nonsuch?

A

Elizabeth to send 7,400 English soldiers to the Netherlands to help the rebels. England and Spain officially now at war.

36
Q

When did Drake singe the King of Spain’s beard?

A

1587

37
Q

What was the singeing of the King of Spain’s beard?

A

Drake’s attack on Cadiz harbour, destroying Spanish resources and ships.

38
Q

What was the significance of the raid on Cadiz?

A

Spanish resources so damaged that the Armada was delayed by a year, giving England time to prepare.

39
Q

When did Philip launch the Armada?

A

1588

40
Q

Why did Philip launch the Armada?

A

1) Religious conflict
2) Provocation by Elizabeth and Drake (eg Netherlands etc.)
3) Diplomatic reasons (eg Nonsuch provided justification and Joinville meant that France wouldn’t cause Spain a problem)
4) Changing circumstances (eg Spain owns Portugal so has access to more ports and ships)

41
Q

What was the Armada’s plan?

A

Armada (130 ships) to sail along Channel to the Netherlands. Ships join forces with Spanish troops under Duke of Parma and all 27,000 troops sail to Kent. Attack London and overthrow Elizabeth.

42
Q

Why did the English defeat the Armada?

A

1) The weather (gale force winds disrupted the Armada)
2) The Spanish panicked (many allowed their ships to drift into the North Sea following the Battle of Gravelines)
3) English ships were better (Guns were quicker to reload, and they fired more quickly, this sunk many Spanish ships)
4) English tactics (Fireships caused the Spanish to panic and the English stayed too far away for Spanish troops to board their ships)
5) Spanish lack of supplies (Much of their food had rotted, damaging morale)
6) Poor Spanish communication (between Parma and Medina Sidonia)

43
Q

Why was the English victory over the Armada significant?

A

1) Enhanced Elizabeth’s authority
2) Strengthened the English navy
3) Strengthened the Protestant cause & made many English accept Protestantism
4) Stronger alliances in Europe
5) Spain’s prestige was broken

Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England (3 decks)

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