Challenge A- Anatomy Flashcards
Bronchi
A branch of the trachea that carries air to the lungs; inside the lungs, the bronchi further divide into the bronchioles.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs found inside the lungs through which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream during breathing; found on the tips of the bronchioles.
Diaphragm
A muscular wall that pulls air into the lungs by contracting downward.
Bronchiole
The final, smallest branches of the lung’s air passages.
Epiglottis
A flap-like structure made of cartilage that stops food from entering the larynx and lungs.
Larynx
Also known as the voice box, this hollow passageway links the throat to the trachea.
Mouth
Has a tongue that helps to shape sounds produced in the larynx; a secondary channel to move air to throat.
Nasal passage
Has odor receptors; an opening that channels air from nostrils to throat; lined with tiny hair-like cells.
Nostrils
Either of two openings in the nose.
Pharynx
A tube that extends from the nasal cavity down the neck to the esophagus; also called the throat.
Pleura
A membrane enveloping the lungs.
Trachea
Carries air to and from the lungs; also called the windpipe.
Teeth
One of a set of hard, bone-like structures rooted in sockets in the jaws of vertebrates, typically composed of a core of soft pulp surrounded by a layer of hard dentin that is coated with cementum or enamel at the crown and used for biting or chewing food or as a means of attack or defense.
Blood vessels
Duct or canal holding or conveying blood.
Bone
Any piece of tissue making up the skeleton in vertebrates.
Canines
Teeth responsible for tearing and shredding.
Cementum
Bone-like substance covering the root of a tooth.
Crown
Part of the tooth visible outside the gum.
Dentin
Dense tissue forming the bulk of a tooth.
Enamel
Hard coating of a tooth.
Gum
Firm flesh around the roots of teeth.
Incisors
Teeth responsible for cutting food.
Molars
Teeth responsible for grinding.
Neck (of a tooth)
Part of the tooth connecting the tooth to the gum.
Nerves
Fiber or bundles of fibers that transmit impulses.
Parotid gland
Either of the pair of salivary glands situated below and in front of each ear
Premolars
Teeth responsible for grinding
Pulp
Soft, fleshy part of the tooth
Root
Part of the tooth embedded in the gum
Sublingual gland
A complex of salivary glands located in the sublingual fold on each side of the floor of the mouth.
Submaxillary gland
A large seromucous or mixed salivary gland located below the mandible on each side of the jaw; also known as the mandibular gland.
Cerebellum
The part of the brain associated with voluntary responses; regulates and coordinates movement, posture and balance.
Cerebrum
The part of the brain that controls memory, senses, consciousness, and reasoning; divided into two hemispheres and connected by nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.
Corpus Calosum
The thick band of fibers joining the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal Lobe
Area of the cerebrum that contains the higher brain functions, like thinking, emotions, planning, speech, and vocabulary movement.
Hypothalamus
The part of the brain below the thalamus that controls secretions of the pituitary gland.
Medulla oblongata
The lowest part of the brain, associated with involuntary responses such as breathing.
Occipital Lobe
Area of the cerebrum that deals with sight.
Parietal Lobe
Area of the cerebrum that is involved with spatial orientation and interpretation of sensations such as touch, pain and temperature.
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland that secretes numerous hormones.
Pons
A mass of nerve fibers that provides links between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
Spinal cord
Main nerves of the central nervous system, extending down from the brain.
Temporal lobe
Area of the cerebrum that regulates hearing and memory.
Thalamus
Oval shaped and grey colored, this nerve tissue filters and passes on input from the brain stem.
Aorta
The artery that carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
A valve consisting of two flaps; prevents back flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium
Inferior vena cava
The vein that carries oxygen-poor blood from the legs and abdomen to the right atrium
Left atrium
The chamber of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
Left ventricle
The chamber of the heart that contracts to pump oxygen-rich blood along the aorta to the rest of the body
Right atrium
The chamber of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from the body
Right pulmonary artery
The artery that carries oxygen-poor blood into the right lung
Right/left pulmonary vein
Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Right ventricle
The chamber of the heart that contracts to pump oxygen-poor blood along the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
Semilunar valves
Two valves, one located at the opening of the aorta and the other at the opening of the pulmonary artery, both consisting of three crescent shaped cusps and serving to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles
Septum
The muscular wall that divides the heart into right and left halves
Superior vena cava
The vein that carries oxygen-poor blood from the head and upper body to the right atrium
Tricuspid valve
A valve consisting of three flaps; prevents back flow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
Auditory/ear canal
A tube that carries sound waves to the eardrum
Ear drum
An oval membrane of the middle ear that vibrates when sound waves arrive in the ear; transmits sounds to the hammer
Hammer or malleus
A tiny bone that picks up vibrations from the eardrum; transmits vibrations to the anvil
Anvil of incus
A tiny bone that transmits vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup
Semicircular canals
Three looped tubes that detect the rotation of the head
Cochlea
The spiral tube of the inner ear that contains fluid and converts sound vibrations to nerve impulses
Auditory nerve or cochlear nerve
Carries nerve impulses from the cochlea to the brain
Eustachian tube
A canal connecting the middle ear to the pharynx
Stirrup or stapes
A tiny bone that vibrates and moves the oval window; smallest bone in the human body
Earlobe
The soft lower portion of the external ear
Oval window
Membrane-covered opening that transmits vibrations to the fluid in the inner ear
Capillary
Branching blood vessels connecting the arteries or veins, which change in width to increase or decrease heat lost from the body
Dermis
The thick lower layer of the skin that contains blood vessels and nerves
Epidermis
The thinner, upper layer of the skin
Erector muscle
Muscle that pulls hair upright when you are cold
Fat cells
Layer of fat under the dermis, which helps to keep you warm
Hair follicle
Hole in the skin from which hair grows
Hair (shaft)
Part of the hair that grows above the skin’s surface
Nerve ending
The axon of a nerve cell that does not end at a synapse; detects touch, pressure, heat, cold, or pain
Pore
Minute opening in skin through which fluids, etc. may pass
Subcutaneous tissue
The lowest layer of the skin
Sweat gland
A group of cells that makes watery sweat that is carried along a tube to the skin’s surface
Carpals
Wrist bones
Clavicle
Collarbone
Cranium
Another name for the skull
Femur
Thighbone; largest bone in the body, helping to carry the weight of the body
Fibula
Narrow bone in lower leg providing support for the ankle
Humerus
Bone in the upper arm
Mandible
Jawbone
Metacarpals
Long bones of the hand between the wrist and fingers
Metatarsals
Long bones of the foot between the ankle and toes
Patella
Kneecap
Pectoral girdle
The bones that connect arms to shoulders; the clavicle and scapula
Pelvic girdle
Hip bones that support organs in the abdomen and anchor the legs
Phalanges
Toe and finger bones
Radius
The shorter of the two bones in the forearm
Ribs
Bones that protect the heart and lungs
Scapula
Shoulder blade
Skull
Fused bones that form the face and protect the brain
Sternum
Breastbone
Tarsal
The bones of the ankle
Tibia
Shinbone; larger bone in the lower leg that links the knee to the foot
Ulna
The longer of the two long bones found in the forearm
Vertebra
A single segment of the backbone (pl.vertebrae)
Vertebral column
The entire backbone
Anus
The lower opening of the digestive canal
Appendix
Tissue forming a tube-shaped sac attached to the large intestine; a possible safe house for beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract should the intestines be attacked by pathogenic microbes
Esophagus
The muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx down to the stomach
Gall bladder
A pear-shaped organ that stores bile made by the liver
Large intestine
A portion of the digestive canal where waste is passed from the small intestine so it can be removed from the body
Liver
An organ that processes absorbed nutrients and makes bile
Mouth
The upper opening of the digestive canal; here food is broken down into small pieces and mixed with saliva to smooth and speed the rest of its journey
Pancreas
An organ that releases enzymes into the small intestine when food arrives there
Rectum
The last section of the large intestine where waste is temporarily stored before passing to the outside
Salivary glands
Groups of cells that release watery, slimy saliva into the mouth while eating
Small intestine
Portion of the digestive canal where food is passed from the stomach, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, and waste is sent into the large intestine
Stomach
Using muscular contractions and stomach acids, this hollow muscular organ breaks down food into a form that the body can use.
Aqueous humor
The clear, watery fluid circulating in the chamber of the eye between the cornea and the lens
Choroid coat
A dark layer containing blood vessels
Ciliary body
Structure that contains ciliary muscle that contracts or relaxes to make the suspensory ligaments either taut or slack and the lens either thinner or fatter; secretes aqueous humor
Cornea
The clear zone at the front of the eyeball
Iris
The colored ring containing muscles that alter the size of the pupil
Lens
A flexible, curved transparent disk that fine-focuses light rays on the retina
Optic nerve
The nerve that relays impulses from photoreceptors in the retina to the brain
Pupil
The variable-sized opening that let light into the eye
Retina
A membrane packed with light-detecting photoreceptors called rods and cones
Sclera
The tough coat covering most of the eyeball
Suspensory ligament
A fibrous membrane that attaches the lens to the ciliary body and holds the lens in place
Vitreous humor
A thick jelly that fills and shapes the back of the eye
Cell body (cyton)
The part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon
Nucleus
A special type of cell organelle that acts as the cell’s “control center.” It contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA chemicals packaged into chromosomes.
Dendrites
Slender branches of the neuron that transmit nerve impulses from oer cells or sensory systems
Axon
A long fiber of the neuron that acts somewhat like a fiber-optic cable, carrying outgoing messages
Node of Ranvier
A small gap in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed
Terminal branches
Branch-like endings of an axon that has specialized endings that release neurotransmitters
Synaptic knobs
Communicates with a dendrite or cell body of another neuron
Schwann cell
Wraps around the axons, covering the nerve fibers that form the myelin sheath
Schwann cell nucleus
A special type of cell organelle in the Schann cell that acts as the cell’s “control center.” It contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA chemicals packaged into chromosomes.
Myelin sheath
Formed by Schwann cell membranes; is an electrical insulator and aids in transmission of nerve impulses
Cleft
The space between two neurons or a neuron and another cell where neurotransmitters cross
Muscle fiber
A single muscle cell; when activated by a nerve, it increases the tension within the muscle.
Acetylcholine sacs
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, a small molecule that plays a role in transmitting signals along neurons; stored in sacs
