Chalcedon

Question 1

when?

Answer 1

451

Question 2

preceding councils

Answer 2

nicea 325
constantinople 381
ephesus 431
all assume that the being eternally born of the father = suffered as a man but do not explain HOW

Question 3

theotokos

Answer 3

god-bearer

nestorius vs cyril (+ Irenaeus/ A.Riches)

Question 4

nestorius

Answer 4

protect God’s godness
if mary bears god then god is put in time and changes
- immutability?
his solution: christokos
heretic: god not present at the cross Docetic

Question 5

irenaeus

Answer 5

god cannot save what he does not assume

Question 6

cyril

Answer 6

christokos is a lose lose situation
- A. Riches: undermines the divinity of jesus/god’s salvific power
- humanity: incarnation?
fully human nature needs to change
god’s divinity is not affected by his human nature
- the are not confused

Question 7

general info

Answer 7

This Council of Chalcedon is the fourth of the seven ecumenical councils accepted by Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and many Protestant Christian churches.

It is the first Council not recognized by any of the Oriental Orthodox churches.

not “new” but to reaffirm
officially proclaim jesus as fully human and fully divine

Question 8

definition

Answer 8

“one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only-begotten acknowledged in two natures”
“unconfusedly, unalterably, undividedly,inseparably”
“acknowledged in two natures” and not ‘out of two natures”
“the same” is repeated a total of seven times
“The one and the same Son”, “Lord Jesus Christ” is “the same perfect in the Godhead and the same perfect in the manhood”.
- This is further emphasised through the use of the word “truly”
“consubstantial with us in respect of manhood.”
“like us in all things except sin.”

Question 9

gregory of nyssa

Answer 9

one of the Cappadocians
ocean and drop of vinegar analogy
- natures are not the same
- fully divine and fully human are perfect
- they don’t lose their properties or “mix”
- but they are inseparable
CONSUBSTANTIAL (of the same substance)

Question 10

why did Jesus have to be born of a woman yet

Answer 10

his incarnation is not acting as the beginning of his existence

• pre as supported by John
• -> Homoousios

Question 11

use of theotokos in def

Answer 11

= union of divinity and humanity as insperable in birth like in death
–>hypostatic union

Question 12

Homoousios

Answer 12

homo= same
ousios= substance
with god (divine)

Question 13

hypostatic union

Answer 13

hyspostates= person (not subject)

yet TWO DISTINCT AND UNIFIED NATURES

Question 14

what does jesus share?

Answer 14

Jesus shares the substance of God but not the person of God
- when god generates/BEGOTES the son it is out of himself
= begotten not made

Question 15

how are the two unified natures distinct and not one?

Answer 15

unified= inseparable
share a substance
“acknowledged in two natures” and not ‘out of two natures” IN (cyril) not of (nestorius)
CONSUBSTANTIAL- gregory of nyssa

Question 16

implied?

Answer 16

one hypostases (person) with two natures

Question 17

trinity

Answer 17

trinity= 3 hypostates and one ousia of God

Question 18

arian

Answer 18

advocatted for made and not begotten

• argues for creation ex-nihilo
• • Jesus cannot be fully divine as he doesnt share the same substance of god
    begotten: eternally outside space and time with/by the father

Question 19

nicea

Answer 19

325
emperor constantine: “Division in the church,” he said, “is worse than war.”

solve the problem created in the Eastern church by Arianism, a heresy first proposed by Arius of Alexandria that affirmed that Christ is not divine but a created being.

The council condemned Arius and, with reluctance on the part of some, incorporated the nonscriptural word homoousios (“of one substance”) into a creed (the Nicene Creed) to signify the absolute equality of the Son with the Father. The emperor then exiled Arius

Question 20

Council of Constantinople

Answer 20

381

The Council of Constantinople also declared finally the Trinitarian doctrine of the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son.

In both East and West, nevertheless, the council came to be regarded as ecumenical.

Question 21

ephesus

Answer 21

431
confirmed the original Nicene Creed,[2] and condemned the teachings of Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, who held that the Virgin Mary may be called the Christotokos, “Birth Giver of Christ” but not the Theotokos, “Birth Giver of God”.