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401 Human Body > Chain Of Infection: 1 > Flashcards

Chain Of Infection: 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 steps in the chain of infection

A
  1. Infectious Agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Transmission
  5. Portal of Entry
  6. Susceptible Hosts
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2
Q

What is an Infectious Agent

A

Something causing an infection

eg Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, parasite

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3
Q

Define Standard Precautions

A

Safe practice offering protection to both HCW and patients from healthcare-related infections

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4
Q

Some examples of Standard Precautions

A

Hand Hygiene
PPE
Safe handling and disposal of sharps
Routine environment cleaning

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5
Q

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryote cells are more complex

Prokaryotes do not have an enclosed membrane and they have no membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

Residential Microflora

A

Species that are always in or on the human body

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7
Q

Beneficial Bacteria

A

Assist with various body processes

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8
Q

Opportunist Bacteria

A

Microflora that can potentially be harmful and can cause disease, such as E. coli

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9
Q

Describe some main features of bacterial structure and fucntion

A
  1. Glycocalyx / Capsule
  2. Cell wall
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Nucleoid
  7. Plasmid
  8. Pili
  9. Flagellum
  10. Endospore
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10
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis

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11
Q

Cell Wall Function

A

Maintains shape of cell, offers protection from environmental factors

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12
Q

Cell Membrane Function

A

Selectively permeable membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell

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13
Q

Cytoplasm Function

A

Substance of the cell inside the cell membrane, medium for many metabolic reactions of the cell

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14
Q

Ribosome Function

A

Protein synthesis found in random groupings no RER to attach to

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15
Q

Nucleoid Function

A

One continuous strand of DNA, contains all the genetic information for cell metabolism and reproduction

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16
Q

Plasmid Function

A

May be an advantage to the cell as some carry genes for antibiotic resistance

17
Q

Pili Function

A

Helps to attach to surfaces

18
Q

Flagella Function

A

Helps bacteria to move towards a favorable environment

19
Q

Endospore Function

A

Resistant to heating and drying, formed by certain bacteria when conditions are unfavorable

20
Q

List the main characteristics of Fungi

yeasts

A

Eukaryote cell that is unicellular, reproduced by budding and some may spore

21
Q

List main characteristics of Fungi

molds

A

Eukaryote cell that is multicellular, describes as filamentous because they are made up of fine threads called hyphae, reproduce through spores either sexually or asexually

22
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryote cell consists of yeasts and molds. They are decomposers and are classified by how they reproduce.

23
Q

Fungal Infection:

Superficial

A

Occurs on the outer part of the body

eg Tinea Pedis / Athletes Foot

24
Q

Systemic

A

Affects tissues and organs deep within the body

eg Lungs - Aspergillious spp.

25
Q

Opportunist

A

Caused by fungi that are normally harmless

eg Candida Albicans / Vaginal or Oral Thrush

26
Q

Characteristics of a Protozoa

A

Eukaryote cells that are classified by movement

27
Q

Movement of Protozoa consists of

A

Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopodia
No motile stage

28
Q

Flagella

A

Whip-like tail that propels the cell through watery environments

29
Q

Cilia

A

large number of hair-like appendages that move in synchronised waves to propel the cell along

30
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Means false-foot. large cells surrounded by a membrane and lacks shape it moves by extending the cell membrane then allowing the cytoplasm to flow into the extension

31
Q

No motile stage

A

Needs a host to carry it

32
Q

protozoan diseases

A

Plasmodium spp causes Malaria
Giardia intestinalis causes Giardiasis
Toxoplasma gondii causes Toxoplasmosis

33
Q

Structure of a virus

A

Single type of nucleic acid
Protein coat / capsid
Envelope
Spikes

34
Q

Characteristics of virus

A

Viruses do not have a cell structure
Require a host cell to reproduce
Obligate intracellular parasites

35
Q

Steps in Viral Replication

A

Attachment to host cell
Entry and uncoating
Replication of viral nucleic acid and synthesis of viral proteins
Assembly of new complete virus
Release of virus particles from host cell

36
Q

Viral Infections

A 
Influenza
Measles 
Mumps
Rubella
Herpes virus
Polio

401 Human Body (7 decks)

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