Chain Of Infection: 1

Question 1

List the 6 steps in the chain of infection

Answer 1

1. Infectious Agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Hosts

Question 2

What is an Infectious Agent

Answer 2

Something causing an infection

eg Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, parasite

Question 3

Define Standard Precautions

Answer 3

Safe practice offering protection to both HCW and patients from healthcare-related infections

Question 4

Some examples of Standard Precautions

Answer 4

Hand Hygiene
PPE
Safe handling and disposal of sharps
Routine environment cleaning

Question 5

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

Eukaryote cells are more complex

Prokaryotes do not have an enclosed membrane and they have no membrane-bound organelles

Question 6

Residential Microflora

Answer 6

Species that are always in or on the human body

Question 7

Beneficial Bacteria

Answer 7

Assist with various body processes

Question 8

Opportunist Bacteria

Answer 8

Microflora that can potentially be harmful and can cause disease, such as E. coli

Question 9

Describe some main features of bacterial structure and fucntion

Answer 9

1. Glycocalyx / Capsule
2. Cell wall
3. Cell membrane
4. Cytoplasm
5. Ribosomes
6. Nucleoid
7. Plasmid
8. Pili
9. Flagellum
10. Endospore

Question 10

Glycocalyx function

Answer 10

Protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis

Question 11

Cell Wall Function

Answer 11

Maintains shape of cell, offers protection from environmental factors

Question 12

Cell Membrane Function

Answer 12

Selectively permeable membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 13

Cytoplasm Function

Answer 13

Substance of the cell inside the cell membrane, medium for many metabolic reactions of the cell

Question 14

Ribosome Function

Answer 14

Protein synthesis found in random groupings no RER to attach to

Question 15

Nucleoid Function

Answer 15

One continuous strand of DNA, contains all the genetic information for cell metabolism and reproduction

Question 16

Plasmid Function

Answer 16

May be an advantage to the cell as some carry genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 17

Pili Function

Answer 17

Helps to attach to surfaces

Question 18

Flagella Function

Answer 18

Helps bacteria to move towards a favorable environment

Question 19

Endospore Function

Answer 19

Resistant to heating and drying, formed by certain bacteria when conditions are unfavorable

Question 20

List the main characteristics of Fungi

yeasts

Answer 20

Eukaryote cell that is unicellular, reproduced by budding and some may spore

Question 21

List main characteristics of Fungi

molds

Answer 21

Eukaryote cell that is multicellular, describes as filamentous because they are made up of fine threads called hyphae, reproduce through spores either sexually or asexually

Question 22

Characteristics of Fungi

Answer 22

Eukaryote cell consists of yeasts and molds. They are decomposers and are classified by how they reproduce.

Question 23

Fungal Infection:

Superficial

Answer 23

Occurs on the outer part of the body

eg Tinea Pedis / Athletes Foot

Question 24

Systemic

Answer 24

Affects tissues and organs deep within the body

eg Lungs - Aspergillious spp.

Question 25

Opportunist

Answer 25

Caused by fungi that are normally harmless | eg Candida Albicans / Vaginal or Oral Thrush

Question 26

Characteristics of a Protozoa

Answer 26

Eukaryote cells that are classified by movement

Question 27

Movement of Protozoa consists of

Answer 27

Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia No motile stage

Question 28

Flagella

Answer 28

Whip-like tail that propels the cell through watery environments

Question 29

Cilia

Answer 29

large number of hair-like appendages that move in synchronised waves to propel the cell along

Question 30

Pseudopodia

Answer 30

Means false-foot. large cells surrounded by a membrane and lacks shape it moves by extending the cell membrane then allowing the cytoplasm to flow into the extension

Question 31

No motile stage

Answer 31

Needs a host to carry it

Question 32

protozoan diseases

Answer 32

Plasmodium spp causes Malaria Giardia intestinalis causes Giardiasis Toxoplasma gondii causes Toxoplasmosis

Question 33

Structure of a virus

Answer 33

Single type of nucleic acid Protein coat / capsid Envelope Spikes

Question 34

Characteristics of virus

Answer 34

Viruses do not have a cell structure Require a host cell to reproduce Obligate intracellular parasites

Question 35

Steps in Viral Replication

Answer 35

Attachment to host cell Entry and uncoating Replication of viral nucleic acid and synthesis of viral proteins Assembly of new complete virus Release of virus particles from host cell

Question 36

Viral Infections

Answer 36

``` Influenza Measles Mumps Rubella Herpes virus Polio ```