Cha. 18 The Victorians Make the Modern Flashcards
P.T. Barnum
- A showman who promoted commercial domesticity very successfully, using the country’s expanding rail network to develop his famous traveling circus.
- He proclaimed children as his key audience, creating family entertainment for diverse audience.
- He promised middle-class parents that his circus马戏团 would teach children courage and promote the benefits of exercise.
- He also emphasized the respectability and refinement of his female performers in order to encourage women’s attendance.
Department stores
They lured middle-class women by offering tearooms, children’s play areas, umbrellas, and clerks to wrap and carry every purchase.
Technology in the home
- The rise of electricity, in particular, marked the gap between affluent urban consumers and rural and working-class families.
- In elite house, domestic servants began to use or find themselves replaced by — an array of new devices, from washing machines to vacuum cleaners真空吸尘器.
Telephone
It changed etiquette规矩 and social relations for middle-class suburban women — while providing their working class counterparts with new employment options.
Pullman Company
A company that manufactured rail cars, setting a national standard for taste and elegance典雅
Ladies’ cars
- First-class thing which soon became sites of struggle for racial equality.
- When black women claimed first-class seats, they often faced confrontations对抗 with conductors, resulting in numerous lawsuits in the 1870s and 1880s.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- A case which was brought by civil rights advocates on behalf of Homer Plessy, a New Orleans resident who was one-eighth black.
- Plessy ordered to leave a first-class car and move to the “colored” car of a Louisiana train, Plessy refused and was arrested.
YMCA
It was one of the earliest and most successful promoters of athletic fitness.
Importance of boxing, weightlifting, martial战争的 arts
- Because country club women were encroaching on their athletic turf跑马场 — elite men took up even more aggressive physical sports, including boxing, weightlifting, and martial arts.
- Such “virile”男子气概的 activities were essential to “maintain and defend this very civilization.”
Professional baseball
Big-time professional baseball arose with the launching of the National League in 1876.
First World Series
In which, in 1930, the Boston Americans defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Rise of the Negro Leagues
Shut out of white leagues, players and fans turned to all-black professional teams, where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride.
American Football
The most controversial sport of the industrializing ear, beginning at elite colleges during the 1880s.
Sierra Club
Like the earlier Appalachian登山运动 Mountain Club, founded in Boston in 1876, the Sierra club dedicated专注 itself to preserving and enjoying America’s great mountains.
National Audubon Society
A organization which state organizations joined together to form to protect wildlife.
Antiquities古代 Act 1906
A law which enabled the U.S. president, without congressional approval, to set aside “objects of historic and scientific interest” as national monument历史遗迹.
National monuments vs. national parks
- Monuments received weaker protection than national parks did; many fell under the authority of the U.S. Forest Service, which permitted logging and grazing四处走.
- Business interests lobbied游说 to have coveted渴望 lands designated指定的 as monuments rather than national parks, so they could more easily exploit resources.
Hunting regulations (game laws) and the rural poor
- Hunting regulations brought undeniable不可否认的 benefits: it suppressed禁止 such popular practices as songbird hunting and the use of dynamite炸药 to kill fish.
- But while game laws prevented further extinctions灭绝 like that of the passenger pigeon, which vanished around 1990, they made it harder for rural people to support themselves from the bounty of the land.
Family size
•The average American family, especially among the middle class, decreased in size during the industrial ear.
Comstock Act 1873
The law which prohibited circulation发行 of almost any information about sex and birth control.
High school and college
A high school diploma— now a gateway to a college degree — was valuable for boys who hoped to enter professional or managerial work.
Business and technical schools
State universities emphasized technical training and fed the growing professional workforce.
Liberal arts colleges
Many private colleges distanced themselves from practical pursuits; their administrators argued that students who aimed to be leaders needed broad-based knowledge.
Tuskegee Institute
One of the most famous educational projects in the South.
Atlanta Compromise/Booker T. Washington
- Washington gained national fame in 1895 with his Atalanta Compromise address演说.
- For the exposition’s white organizers, the racial “compromise” was inviting Washington to speak at all.
- It was a move intended to show racial progress in the South.
Women’s higher education
It spread from private to public institutions.
