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Ch. 9, 10, 34-36 Exam > Ch.9 Exam > Flashcards

Ch.9 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define cellular respiration. What does it require? What does it produce?

A
  • Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy of food molecules into the chemical energy of ATP, which drives all cellular work.
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2
Q

Describe how energy flows through a system.

A

Solar energy —> chemical energy of food —> chemical energy of ATP —> heat

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3
Q

Describe how nutrients cycle through a system.

A

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and vice versa

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4
Q

Define photosynthesis and cellular respiration/fermentation in terms of energy.

A
  • Photosynthesis: energy acquisition (light energy —> chemical bond energy)
  • Cellular respiration/ fermentation: energy release (chemical bond energy —> ATP + heat)
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5
Q

Through what process is glucose used to make ATP in aerobic environments? What process is used in anaerobic environments?

A
  • Cellular respiration (aerobic)
  • Fermentation (anaerobic)
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6
Q

Carbon atoms of glucose are _______ (reduced/oxidized) to form what byproduct?

A

Oxidized to form CO2

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7
Q

Oxygen atoms in oxygen are _______ (reduced/oxidized) to form what byproduct?

A

Reduced to form water

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8
Q

Write out the chemical formula for cellular respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy

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9
Q

List and describe the four steps of cellular respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down to pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate processing: Pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA
  3. Citric acid cycle: Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
  4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis: Compounds reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production
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10
Q

Define what occurs during glycolysis. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A
  • A series of 10 chemical reactions that breaks glucose (6C) into two pyruvic acid molecules (3C)
  • All of the enzymes needed for glycosides are found in the cytosol
    • 1st step: oxidation of glucose
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11
Q

List the products (results) of glycolysis.

A
  • 2 pyruvate molecules (3C)
  • 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH
  • 4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (net gain of 2 ATP)
    • Two ATP were invested
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12
Q

Define substrate-level phosphorylation.

A

Occurs when enzymes transfer an inorganic Phosphate (Pi) from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP

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13
Q

Where is pyruvate transported to after being formed in the cytosol?

A

Mitochondria in the prescience of O2

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14
Q

Define what occurs during pyruvate processing. Where in the cell does this occur?

A
  • Occurs within the matrix of mitochondria
  • 2 pyruvates (3C) molecules are oxidized to form 2 acetyl-CoA (2C) molecules
  • 2 NAD+ are reduced t form 2NADH
  • 2CO2 molecules are released as waste
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15
Q

Describe the main process of the citric acid cycle. (Hint: What enters and what exits?)

A
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16
Q

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

What are the three uses of the released potential energy from the citric acid cycle?

A
  1. Reduce NAD+ to NADH (electron carrier)
  2. Reduce FAD+ to FADH2 (electron carrier)
  3. Phosphorylate GDP to form GTP / ADP to form ATP (depending on the cell)
18
Q

List the six steps of the citric acid cycle in detail.

A
  • 1st: 2 carbon molecule (acetyl CoA) joins a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid.
  • 2nd: 2CO2 molecules exit as waste
  • 3rd: Most of energy (from electrons) are captured by NADH, which may transfer electrons
  • 4th: Some energy transfers ADP —> ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
  • 5th: Remaining electrons are captured by FADH2
  • 6th: Any 4 carbon molecules in cycle are recycled and join another acetyl CoA forming citric acid
19
Q

(Not a question, just information!) Glucose oxidation includes three of the four steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle.

A
20
Q

Glucose oxidation (glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle) produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2. How many of each are produced total?

A
  • 4 ATP
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • 6 CO2
21
Q

Where in the mitochondria are the electron transport proteins located?

A

Cristae

22
Q

NAD+ picks up two _______ (electron/hydrogen ion) and one _______ (electron/hydrogen ion) from glucose, and becomes reduced to ______.

A
  • electrons
  • hydrogen ion
  • NADH
23
Q

What facilitates the transfer of electrons as they lose energy?

A

Electron transport chain

24
Q

What is the final result of this transfer of electrons? (Hint: What is the main goal of cellular respiration?)

A
  • Activates electron transport proteins to make ATP
25
Q

Name the atom at the end of the electron transport chain that is the final electron acceptor.

A

Oxygen

26
Q

Explain why electrons are moved from one electron acceptor to the next, in regards to how it affects hydrogen ions (H+).

A

-Electrons move from one electron acceptor to the next to an ever lower energy state
- At each step the energy is not lost but used to fuel a hydrogen ion pump
- As hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, their potential energy is increased because a steep concentration gradient is created.

27
Q

Explain how the created concentration gradient of hydrogen ions create ATP, including involved enzymes, locations, etc.

A
  • The hydrogen ions on the more highly concentrated side of the membrane have tendency to return to the other side of the membrane
  • The ions flow through the enzyme ATP synthase back to the other side if the membrane.
  • The flow of H+ ions is converted to kinetic energy
28
Q

Define chemiosmosis.

A
  • The kinetic energy from the hydrogen ion flow allows ATP synthase to make ATP in a process known as chemiosmosis.
29
Q

What type of phosphorylation occurs in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

What specific membrane protein phosphorylates ADP into ATP?

A

ATP synthase

31
Q

Where is the majority of ATP from glucose oxidation occur out of the 4 steps of cellular respiration? How many of the 29 ATP are produced in this step?

A
  • Occurs via oxidative phosphorylation
  • Uses oxygen (usually)
  • 25 of the 29 ATP molecules
32
Q

What are the two examples of final electron acceptors prokaryotes use in anaerobic respiration?

A
  • NO3-
    -SO4^2-
33
Q

What is the downside of using electron acceptors other than oxygen?

A
  • They are less electronegative and generate less ATP
34
Q

Does fermentation (another anaerobic pathway to produce ATP) require oxygen?

A

It does not require oxygen

35
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration is fermentation a modification of?

A

Glycolysis stage

36
Q

List and describe the two steps of the fermentation process.

A
  • Glycolysis —> produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation, resulting in 2 pyruvate (which is later oxidized)
  • Fermentation —> produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, however 2 pyruvate are reduced so NAD+ can be regenerated
37
Q

How many ATP does fermentation produce? Is it more or less efficient compared with cellular respiration?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • It is extremely inefficient compared to cellular respiration
38
Q

If oxygen is not available, what is pyruvate reduced into? What is the point of this reduction?

A
  • Reduced to lactic acid to regenerate more NAD+
39
Q

What is the downside of creating more electron carriers? (Hint: It’s a good thing, because it can oxidize more glucose, but too much of a good thing is bad!)

A

Creates a high concentration of waste products (lactic acid)

40
Q

Describe lactic acid fermentation.

A
  • Occurs in human muscle cells
  • Pyruvate produced by glycolysis accepts electrons (H+) from NADH —> NAD+ and lactic acid is formed
41
Q

Describe alcohol fermentation.

A
  • Occurs in yeast
  • Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2
  • Acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH —> NAD+ and ethanol are produced

Ch. 9, 10, 34-36 Exam (3 decks)

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