ch7pt1

Question 1

bone to bone connection

Answer 1

ligament

Question 2

bone to muscle connection

Answer 2

tendon

Question 3

bones are classified by

Answer 3

shape, tissue organization

Question 4

types of bones (6)

Answer 4

sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, sesamoid

Question 5

small irregular bones found between sutures. vary in number

Answer 5

sutural bones

Question 6

bones with complex shape i.e. vertebrae

Answer 6

irregular bones

Question 7

short and thick. in wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

Answer 7

short bones

Question 8

thin bones, parallel surfaces, in skull, sternum, rib, and scapulae

Answer 8

flat bones

Question 9

long and thin bones. in arms, legs, feet, fingers, and toes

Answer 9

long bones

Question 10

small and flat bone, near joints, vary in number, but common one to have is patella (kneecap)

Answer 10

sesamoid bone

Question 11

parts of a long bone (3)

Answer 11

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis

Question 12

shaft of long bone is called _____. has wall of compact bone with central space called ______ cavity

Answer 12

diaphysis; medullary (marrow)

Question 13

wide part of long bones ends are ______. the compact bone covering is the _______. articulation point with other bones

Answer 13

epiphysis; cortex

Question 14

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet in long bone

Answer 14

metaphysis

Question 15

medullary cavity contains ______ colored marrow in adults

Answer 15

yellow

Question 16

cancellous (spongy) bone in epiphysis contains ______ colored marrow

Answer 16

red

Question 17

________ is sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone. spongy bone has ___ marrow

Answer 17

flat bone structure; red

Question 18

spongy part in flat bone

Answer 18

diploe

Question 19

compact part in flat bone

Answer 19

cortex

Question 20

outer surface of bone is covered by _____ except at _______

Answer 20

periosteum; parts enclosed in joint capsules

Question 21

periosteum layers (2)

Answer 21

fibrous outer, cellular inner

Question 22

bone is a _______ tissue

Answer 22

connective

Question 23

dense matrix forming bone consists of

Answer 23

2/3 calcium salt and 1/3 collagen

Question 24

only bone cell found in lacunae

Answer 24

osteocytes

Question 25

mature bone cell maintaining the bone matrix. can both build and break down

Answer 25

osteocyte

Question 26

types of bone cells (4)

Answer 26

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor, and osteoclasts

Question 27

immature (growing) bone cell secreting organic components of matrix

Answer 27

osteoblast

Question 28

bone cells located on surface of bone (3)

Answer 28

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoproginator cell

Question 29

stem cells divide on bone to produce osteoblasts

Answer 29

osteoprogenitor cell

Question 30

Cellular layer covering medullary cavity

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

multinucleate cell secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix. on open area

Answer 31

osteoclasts

Question 32

tight areas in lamellae of matrix where cytoplasmic extensions can go through. used for osteocytes to communicate

Answer 32

canaliculi

Question 33

major functions of osteocytes (2)

Answer 33

maintain surrounding bone matrix (breaking and rebuilding), repair damaged bone

Question 34

breaking and rebuilding of bone matrix by osteocytes

Answer 34

bone turnover/remodeling

Question 35

immature bone cells secreting _____. eventually become osteocytes.

Answer 35

osteoid (almost bone, not yet calcified); osteoblasts

Question 36

_____ are stem cells that divide to make osteoblasts. located in inner cellular layer of ______ and ________.

Answer 36

osteoprogenitor cells; periosteum and endosteum

Question 37

Maintain osteoblast populations, assist in fracture repair

Answer 37

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Question 38

membrane lining inside of bone

Answer 38

endosteum

Question 39

big, multinucleate cells. secret acid and enzymes. releases stored minerals

Answer 39

osteoclasts

Question 40

Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

Answer 40

osteoclasts

Question 41

osteolysis

Answer 41

dissolving bone matrix

Question 42

more breakdown than building, bones become ____. can lead to ______.

Answer 42

weak; immobility

Question 43

more building than breaking, bones become ______. ______ help with strengthening bone.

Answer 43

strong; weight bearing exercises

Question 44

bone matrix acting as a storage reservoir for calcium

Answer 44

serum calcium homeostasis

Question 45

calcium is removed from bones

Answer 45

hypocalcemia

Question 46

stimulates the release of calcium from bones (hypocalcemia)

Answer 46

parathyroid hormone

Question 47

calcium is packed into bones (calcitonin)

Answer 47

hypercalcemia

Question 48

stimulates deposition of calcium into bones

Answer 48

calcitonin

Question 49

bone providing protection and support. resists compression

Answer 49

compact bone

Question 50

osteon is basic unit. osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae around central cavity containing blood vessels.

Answer 50

structure of compact bone

Question 51

perpendicular to central canals, carry bloods vessels into bone and marrow

Answer 51

perforating canals

Question 52

layers of bone circling the whole bone

Answer 52

circumferential lamellae

Question 53

open space parallel to osteons containing blood vessels

Answer 53

central canal

Question 54

makes bone lighter, protects bone marrow

Answer 54

spongy bone

Question 55

spongy bone matrix forms an open network of ______. they have no blood vessels

Answer 55

trabeculae

Question 56

space in between trabeculae is filled with ________

Answer 56

red bone marrow

Question 57

collagen fibers of the periosteum connecting with fibers in tendons and ligaments. provides strong attachments

Answer 57

perforating fibers

Question 58

membrane within bone covering the inner surfaces. missing fibrous layer, only has cellular layer. active in bone growth and repair

Answer 58

endosteum