Ch.7 Human Movement Science Flashcards
3 components of human movement science
Nervous, skeletal and muscular systems
Biomechanics
This is the study of the mechanical laws and principles that relate to the movement.
Kinesiology
The study of movement as it relates to anatomy and Physiology
Anatomic position
When the body is in a standing posture with arms hanging down by sides, palms facing forward. (This is the universal point of reference)
Anatomic Locations and name the 10 of them
Describe the relative positioning of the segments of the body.
-superior, inferior, proximal, distal, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, contralateral, ipsilateral
What is Osteoskinematics?
Movement of a limb that is visible
what is Artherokinematics?
The description of joint surface movement. Ex: a roll, slide or spin
what is superior
Upper
what is Anterior
Front
what is Posterior
Back
what is inferior
Bottom
Flexion
The bending movement in which the relative angle between the two adjacent segments decrease
EX: when you flex your bicep
Extension
The straightening of a joint in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Ex: the lowering of a bicep curl
Hyperextension
The extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
EX: Its an injury
Dorsiflexion
flexion occurring at the ankle (when you flex your ankle upward toward the shin)
Plantar flexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing foot downward
What are the 3 planes of motion
Sagittal, Transverse, Frontal
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary line that bisects the body from the left and right sides. This occurs around the medial-lateral axis
EX: imagine standing in a really narrow hallway and can only move forward, backward, up or down
What are some exercises in the sagittal plane?
Bicep curl, tricep pushdown, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump(up), climbing stairs, shooting a basketball
What is hip flexion?
This occurs when a person decreases the angle between the femur(thigh bone) and the pelvis or lumbar spine.
EX; when a person bends to touch their toes. In this instance the pelvis and lumbar spine rotate together with a fixed femur (pelvic on femoral rotation)
Frontal Plane
Bisects the body to create front and back halves.
EX: imagine walls in front of you and directly behind you so there is no room for movement in front or back. Only side to side movement.
What are some exercises in the frontal plane?
Jumping jacks, lateral raises, side to side lunges, side bend
What is abduction?
The movement away from the body.
It is an increase in the angle between 2 adjoining segments except in the frontal plane
(starts at in position moving outward)
What is adduction?
The movement toward the midline of the body. Like flexion, it is a decrease in the angle between 2 adjoining body segments, except in the frontal plane.
Ex: Inner thigh adduction) “Adding inward”
Lateral flexion
Bending of the spine side to side in the frontal plane.
EX: side to side bend
Transverse plane
Rotational-Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves. Longitudinal/vertical axis.
what are some exercises in the transverse plane?
cable trunk rotation, DB chest fly, swinging a bat or a golf club
What is contralateral
opposite sides. the right hand left foot
What is ipsilateral
same side. right-hand right foot
What is medial
toward the middle of the body
What is distal
farthest from the point of reference
What is proximal
nearest from the point of reference
stretch-shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.
(stretch-shortening cycle can also be applied within the context of agility drills—require repeated switching from deceleration to acceleration. This switch is the stretch-shortening cycle in action, requiring a rapid reversal of muscle action from eccentric (loading) to isometric (amortization) to concentric (unloading).
amortization phase
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.
stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
integrated performance paradigm
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).
(The more rapidly a client can move through the amortization phase, the more powerful the concentric contraction will be)
Force-Velocity Curve
Simply put, the faster the eccentric contraction, the more force the muscle is capable of decelerating.
Force-couple relationship
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.
For example, the middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior all pull on the scapula (shoulder blade) in different directions to assist with shoulder abduction
stretch-shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.
series elastic component
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.
amortization phase
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.
stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
integrated performance paradigm
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
The more rapidly a client can move through the amortization phase, the more powerful the concentric contraction will be,
muscle balance
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.
altered length-tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen
(The scientific term that describes the nervous system’s role in the contract-relax relationship between agonists and antagonists is called)
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
(is when an agonist muscle chronically receives an activation signal causing the functional antagonist to chronically receive the inhibitory signal.)
muscle imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
neutral position
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Concentric muscle action
A muscular force greater than resistive force, the muscle shortens. (flex phase)
Eccentric muscle action
muscle develops tension while lengthening decelerates force (extension phase)
Isometric muscle action
Muscular force equal to the restrictive force; no change in muscle length.
Lenth tension relationships
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Force Velocity curve
as the velocity of a contraction increases; concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.
Neuromuscular efficiency
ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the kinetic chain in all 3 planes of motion
Structural efficiency
alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows the center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support.
Davie’s Law
soft tissue models along the lines of stress
autogenic inhibition
when neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract; inhibits muscle spindles.
Relative flexibility
the tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance
flexion
bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments
extension
straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments
plantarflexion
extension downward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
flexion upward at the ankle
horizontal abduction
transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (ex-chest fly)
Internal rotation
rotation toward the midline of the body
external rotation
rotation away from the midline of the body
joint support systems
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.
LOCAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The local muscular system is composed of the inner unit of the core and includes the rotatores, multifidus, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, pelvic floor, and quadratus lumborum.
(refer to it simply as the stabilization system of the core.)
GLOBAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The global muscular system is comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints
act as prime movers during many functional tasks, such as pushing, pulling, squatting, and walking.
- global muscular system is commonly referred to as the movement system
- Examples of global muscles include the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi.
-main interconnected function is to transfer forces through the LPHC to create the most efficient movement possible while also providing additional support to protect the trunk and spine as the body moves.
What is a lever?
Rigid “bar” that produces rotation. The closer the load to the point of rotation, the less torque it creates. (bent arm is easier than straight arm)
Torque
a measurement of the amount of force that can cause an object to rotate around an axis.
rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints. ( kinda like a rotary phone)
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor control
is the ability to initiate and correct purposeful controlled movements and involves mechanisms used by the central nervous system to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
Motor learning
is the use of these processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in one’s capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor development
Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.
muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Sensorimotor integration
is the ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information and to select and execute the proper motor response
Feedback
Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
For a movement to occur repeatedly, sensory information and sensorimotor integration must be used to aid the HMS in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns, a process referred to as feedback.
INTERNAL FEEDBACK
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
-Internal feedback acts as a guide, steering the HMS to the proper force, speed, and amplitude of movement patterns for a given situation.
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.
