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Nasm > Ch.7 Human Movement Science > Flashcards

Ch.7 Human Movement Science Flashcards

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1
Q

3 components of human movement science

A

Nervous, skeletal and muscular systems

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

This is the study of the mechanical laws and principles that relate to the movement.

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3
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of movement as it relates to anatomy and Physiology

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4
Q

Anatomic position

A

When the body is in a standing posture with arms hanging down by sides, palms facing forward. (This is the universal point of reference)

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5
Q

Anatomic Locations and name the 10 of them

A

Describe the relative positioning of the segments of the body.
-superior, inferior, proximal, distal, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, contralateral, ipsilateral

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6
Q

What is Osteoskinematics?

A

Movement of a limb that is visible

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7
Q

what is Artherokinematics?

A

The description of joint surface movement. Ex: a roll, slide or spin

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8
Q

what is superior

A

Upper

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9
Q

what is Anterior

A

Front

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10
Q

what is Posterior

A

Back

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11
Q

what is inferior

A

Bottom

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12
Q

Flexion

A

The bending movement in which the relative angle between the two adjacent segments decrease
EX: when you flex your bicep

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13
Q

Extension

A

The straightening of a joint in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Ex: the lowering of a bicep curl

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14
Q

Hyperextension

A

The extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
EX: Its an injury

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15
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flexion occurring at the ankle (when you flex your ankle upward toward the shin)

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16
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing foot downward

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17
Q

What are the 3 planes of motion

A

Sagittal, Transverse, Frontal

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18
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary line that bisects the body from the left and right sides. This occurs around the medial-lateral axis
EX: imagine standing in a really narrow hallway and can only move forward, backward, up or down

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19
Q

What are some exercises in the sagittal plane?

A

Bicep curl, tricep pushdown, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump(up), climbing stairs, shooting a basketball

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20
Q

What is hip flexion?

A

This occurs when a person decreases the angle between the femur(thigh bone) and the pelvis or lumbar spine.

EX; when a person bends to touch their toes. In this instance the pelvis and lumbar spine rotate together with a fixed femur (pelvic on femoral rotation)

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21
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Bisects the body to create front and back halves.

EX: imagine walls in front of you and directly behind you so there is no room for movement in front or back. Only side to side movement.

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22
Q

What are some exercises in the frontal plane?

A

Jumping jacks, lateral raises, side to side lunges, side bend

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23
Q

What is abduction?

A

The movement away from the body.
It is an increase in the angle between 2 adjoining segments except in the frontal plane
(starts at in position moving outward)

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24
Q

What is adduction?

A

The movement toward the midline of the body. Like flexion, it is a decrease in the angle between 2 adjoining body segments, except in the frontal plane.

Ex: Inner thigh adduction) “Adding inward”

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25
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending of the spine side to side in the frontal plane.

EX: side to side bend

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26
Q

Transverse plane

A

Rotational-Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves. Longitudinal/vertical axis.

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27
Q

what are some exercises in the transverse plane?

A

cable trunk rotation, DB chest fly, swinging a bat or a golf club

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28
Q

What is contralateral

A

opposite sides. the right hand left foot

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29
Q

What is ipsilateral

A

same side. right-hand right foot

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30
Q

What is medial

A

toward the middle of the body

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31
Q

What is distal

A

farthest from the point of reference

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32
Q

What is proximal

A

nearest from the point of reference

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33
Q

stretch-shortening cycle

A

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.

(stretch-shortening cycle can also be applied within the context of agility drills—require repeated switching from deceleration to acceleration. This switch is the stretch-shortening cycle in action, requiring a rapid reversal of muscle action from eccentric (loading) to isometric (amortization) to concentric (unloading).

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34
Q

amortization phase

A

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

35
Q

stretch reflex

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

36
Q

integrated performance paradigm

A

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

(The more rapidly a client can move through the amortization phase, the more powerful the concentric contraction will be)

37
Q

Force-Velocity Curve

A

Simply put, the faster the eccentric contraction, the more force the muscle is capable of decelerating.

38
Q

Force-couple relationship

A

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.

For example, the middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior all pull on the scapula (shoulder blade) in different directions to assist with shoulder abduction

39
Q

stretch-shortening cycle

A

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.

40
Q

series elastic component

A

Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.

41
Q

amortization phase

A

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

42
Q

stretch reflex

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

43
Q

integrated performance paradigm

A

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)

The more rapidly a client can move through the amortization phase, the more powerful the concentric contraction will be,

44
Q

muscle balance

A

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.

45
Q

altered length-tension relationship

A

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

46
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

(The scientific term that describes the nervous system’s role in the contract-relax relationship between agonists and antagonists is called)

47
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

(is when an agonist muscle chronically receives an activation signal causing the functional antagonist to chronically receive the inhibitory signal.)

48
Q

muscle imbalance

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

49
Q

neutral position

A

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion

50
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

51
Q

Concentric muscle action

A

A muscular force greater than resistive force, the muscle shortens. (flex phase)

52
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

muscle develops tension while lengthening decelerates force (extension phase)

53
Q

Isometric muscle action

A

Muscular force equal to the restrictive force; no change in muscle length.

54
Q

Lenth tension relationships

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

55
Q

Force Velocity curve

A

as the velocity of a contraction increases; concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.

56
Q

Neuromuscular efficiency

A

ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the kinetic chain in all 3 planes of motion

57
Q

Structural efficiency

A

alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows the center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support.

58
Q

Davie’s Law

A

soft tissue models along the lines of stress

59
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

when neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract; inhibits muscle spindles.

60
Q

Relative flexibility

A

the tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance

61
Q

flexion

A

bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments

62
Q

extension

A

straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments

63
Q

plantarflexion

A

extension downward at the ankle

64
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion upward at the ankle

65
Q

horizontal abduction

A

transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (ex-chest fly)

66
Q

Internal rotation

A

rotation toward the midline of the body

67
Q

external rotation

A

rotation away from the midline of the body

68
Q

joint support systems

A

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.

69
Q

LOCAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A

The local muscular system is composed of the inner unit of the core and includes the rotatores, multifidus, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, pelvic floor, and quadratus lumborum.

(refer to it simply as the stabilization system of the core.)

70
Q

GLOBAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A

The global muscular system is comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints

act as prime movers during many functional tasks, such as pushing, pulling, squatting, and walking.

  • global muscular system is commonly referred to as the movement system
  • Examples of global muscles include the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi.

-main interconnected function is to transfer forces through the LPHC to create the most efficient movement possible while also providing additional support to protect the trunk and spine as the body moves.

71
Q

What is a lever?

A

Rigid “bar” that produces rotation. The closer the load to the point of rotation, the less torque it creates. (bent arm is easier than straight arm)

72
Q

Torque

A

a measurement of the amount of force that can cause an object to rotate around an axis.

73
Q

rotary motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints. ( kinda like a rotary phone)

74
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

75
Q

Motor control

A

is the ability to initiate and correct purposeful controlled movements and involves mechanisms used by the central nervous system to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences

76
Q

Motor learning

A

is the use of these processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in one’s capacity to produce skilled movements

77
Q

Motor development

A

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

78
Q

muscle synergies

A

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.

79
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

80
Q

Sensorimotor integration

A

is the ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information and to select and execute the proper motor response

81
Q

Feedback

A

Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

For a movement to occur repeatedly, sensory information and sensorimotor integration must be used to aid the HMS in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns, a process referred to as feedback.

82
Q

INTERNAL FEEDBACK

A

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

-Internal feedback acts as a guide, steering the HMS to the proper force, speed, and amplitude of movement patterns for a given situation.

83
Q

External feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

84
Q

neuromuscular efficiency

A

The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.

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