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Science - Living Earth > Ch7- Cells > Flashcards

Ch7- Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?

A

first to use a simple microscope to study nature

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2
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe?

A

He observed a thin slice of cork and saw ‘cells’ – reminded him of monasteries rooms

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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
  3. All cells come from existing cells
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4
Q

What is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscopes use transmitted light to observe living things

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to produce an image & can only see dead things since they can only be used in vacuum – produce smaller/detailed images

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5
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes:
Unicellular
Do not have a nucleus
Have nucleoid - loop of DNA that floats in the cytoplasm
Do not have membrane-bound organelles
Small & simple

Eukaryotes:
Multicellular or Unicellular
Have membrane-bound organelles
Have nucleus
Large & complex

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6
Q

Examples of prokaryotes & eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: Bacteria
Eukaryotes: animal, plants, fungi, protists

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7
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Have DNA/genetic material
Have cytoplasm
Have ribosomes
Surrounded by cell membrane
Have cytoskeleton

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8
Q

Define organelle

A

“mini-organs’
Specialized structure in eukaryotic cells that work together

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9
Q

Define unicellular. Example?

A

Single-celled organism
ex. yeast, bacteria, amoeba

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10
Q

Define multicellular. Example?

A

an organism with many specialized cells
ex. plants, animals

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11
Q

Location & function of the nucleus?

A

Location: ~ center of a cell
Function: controls cell’s activities - containing DNA of information to make proteins

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12
Q

What is chromatin?

A

spread out DNA connected with protein - in the nucleus

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13
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

When the DNA condenses during cell division

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14
Q

Define nuclear envelope. function?

A

double-membrane layer with pores allowing for movement of material in & out of the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the dense region in the nucleus where the assembly of ribosomes is started

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16
Q

What is the cytoplasm? Function?

A

The gel-like fluid inside a cell
Serves to hold the organelles
Controls the cell’s metabolism

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Double-layer of phospholipids
1 phosphate head (hydrophilic)
2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
1 glycerol
has proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol

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18
Q

Cell membrane function?

A

Controls what enters & exits the cell - maintains homeostasis
Provides protection & support

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19
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins whose length spans the cell membrane – nestled in the phospholipid bilayer and stick out at both ends

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20
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

proteins on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer
- Help with transport & communication

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21
Q

What is the purpose of embedded channel proteins?

A

Allow ions and polar molecules to pass – due to its hydrophilic interior

The substances’ movement follows the concentration gradient (move from high concentration to low concentration)

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22
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Specific channels made to transport water (facilitated diffusion)

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23
Q

What is the purpose of carrier proteins?

A

Bind to substances/molecules that need to be moved across the cell membrane – can go with or against the concentration gradient

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24
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates? Where are they located on the cell membrane?

A

Carbohydrates act as an identification tag. They are attached to proteins or lipids on the outside of the cell membrane (glycoprotein/ glycolipids)

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25
Q

What is cholesterol’s function in the cell membrane? Where are they located?

A

Regulate the state of the membrane (solid/liquid) based on temperature & provides strength
Separates phospholipids effectively
Located in between phospholipids

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26
Q

Define selectively-permeable.

A

A membrane is selectively permeable when it allows only certain substances/molecules into the cell and blocks out others

27
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport: requires energy
Passive transport: doesn’t require energy

28
Q

What is diffusion & how long does it occur?

A

Diffusion: movement of substances in & out of the cell through the cell membrane going down the concentration gradient (high –> low)
Change in concentration stops when equilibrium is reached, but molecules continue to move back and forth at a constant rate

29
Q

When can’t diffusion occur?

A

With an impermeable membrane
Particles are too big/ highly charged –> unable to pass through the membrane

30
Q

What is osmosis? How does it work?

A

Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively-permeable membrane
Water helps to dilute solutions that are unable to move through the membrane until concentrations are equal

31
Q

Hypertonic vs. Hypotonic

A

Hypertonic: the solution with high concentration (less water)
- Salt water is hypertonic to fresh water
Hypotonic: the solution with less concentration – more diluted (more water)
- Water is always hypotonic to any substance

32
Q

Define isotonic

A

Substances with equal concentration on both sides of the membrane

33
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure on the hypertonic side of the membrane (due to a high increase in water input)

34
Q

What is facilitated diffusion? Examples

A

Cell membrane helps diffusion of bigger/charged/polar molecules (passive transport)
ex. protein channels

35
Q

What is endocytosis? How does it work? Types of endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis: process that takes materials into the cell (active transport) through pockets of the cell membrane
- Phagocytosis: ‘cellular eating’ - extensions of the cytoplasm surround the particle and package it within a food vacuole
- Pinocytosis: ‘cellular drinking’ - tiny pockets formed around the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell

36
Q

What is exocytosis? How does it work?

A

Removal of large amounts of material from the cell
- the membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane

37
Q

What are ribosomes made of? Where are they located

A

Made of RNA & proteins
They are located on the Rough ER & free in the cytoplasm

38
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Make proteins from instructions given from the genetic material in nucleus

39
Q

Where are the Endoplasmic Reticulums located?

A

Attached to the nuclear membrane

40
Q

What is the ER made of?

A

interconnected membrane-bound vesicles & tubules

41
Q

ER function?

A

Manufacture lipid components of the cell membrane

42
Q

Rough ER function?

A

Where proteins are synthesized/modified & sent for transportation
(has ribosomes on the surface - causing its rough texture)

43
Q

Smooth ER function?

A

Lipid & hormone synthesis (may contain enzymes)
breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in the liver
Control calcium release in muscle contraction
– Essentially, creates, stores, & transports lipids & carbohydrates

44
Q

Vesicles structure & function?

A

Small sac where molecules are sent after passing through the ER

45
Q

Mitochondria structure?

A

has a double membrane - inner membrane forms folds cristae

46
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Helps provide energy for the cell by combining food with oxygen to form ATP – cellular respiration

47
Q

Golgi apparatus function?

A

Receive, package & transport proteins - attach carbohydrates & lipids to the proteins

48
Q

Where are lysosomes located?

A

Lysosomes are only present in animal cells

49
Q

Lysosomes functions?

A

Has enzymes to break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles for the cell
Can do programmed death - apoptosis

50
Q

Where are peroxisomes located?

A

Both animal & plant cells

51
Q

Cytoskeleton function?

A

maintains shape & internal organization of a cell

52
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Network of threadlike fibers
- Microtubules: hollow tube of proteins – form spindle fibers for chromosome separation during cell division, form centrioles, cilia & flagella
- Microfilaments: narrow threadlike tube (only in animal cells) - provide flexible framework for cell

53
Q

Where is the cell wall located?

A

Only in plant cells
outside the cell membrane

54
Q

Cell wall function?

A

support and protection of cells shape
Can act as a protective barrier
Allows certain substances to enter easily
Prevents cell from swelling after osmosis

55
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Only in plant cells

56
Q

Chloroplast function?

A

Use energy from the sun to make energy-rich food (photosynthesis)

57
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

Stacks of membranes within the double outer membrane

58
Q

How do chloroplasts cause a plants green color?

A

chlorophyll

59
Q

Where are vacuoles located?

A

many small in animal cells
1 large in plant cells

60
Q

Vacuole function?

A

Sac-like structure that stores materials (water, salts, proteins, carbs)

61
Q

Cilia & flagella function

A

Cilia: short & numerous (eukaryotes)
- Move fluid across cell membrane
Flagella: long & few (all cells)
- Move entire cell

62
Q

How are mitochondria similar to chloroplasts?

A

Both have their own genetic material – indication that they both may have been developed from independent microorganisms

63
Q

What are the 4 main levels of organization?

A

cells - tissue - organs - organ system

Science - Living Earth (11 decks)

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