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Ch7- Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?

A

first to use a simple microscope to study nature

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2
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe?

A

He observed a thin slice of cork and saw ‘cells’ – reminded him of monasteries rooms

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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
  3. All cells come from existing cells
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4
Q

What is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscopes use transmitted light to observe living things

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to produce an image & can only see dead things since they can only be used in vacuum – produce smaller/detailed images

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5
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes:
Unicellular
Do not have a nucleus
Have nucleoid - loop of DNA that floats in the cytoplasm
Do not have membrane-bound organelles
Small & simple

Eukaryotes:
Multicellular or Unicellular
Have membrane-bound organelles
Have nucleus
Large & complex

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6
Q

Examples of prokaryotes & eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: Bacteria
Eukaryotes: animal, plants, fungi, protists

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7
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Have DNA/genetic material
Have cytoplasm
Have ribosomes
Surrounded by cell membrane
Have cytoskeleton

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8
Q

Define organelle

A

“mini-organs’
Specialized structure in eukaryotic cells that work together

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9
Q

Define unicellular. Example?

A

Single-celled organism
ex. yeast, bacteria, amoeba

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10
Q

Define multicellular. Example?

A

an organism with many specialized cells
ex. plants, animals

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11
Q

Location & function of the nucleus?

A

Location: ~ center of a cell
Function: controls cell’s activities - containing DNA of information to make proteins

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12
Q

What is chromatin?

A

spread out DNA connected with protein - in the nucleus

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13
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

When the DNA condenses during cell division

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14
Q

Define nuclear envelope. function?

A

double-membrane layer with pores allowing for movement of material in & out of the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the dense region in the nucleus where the assembly of ribosomes is started

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16
Q

What is the cytoplasm? Function?

A

The gel-like fluid inside a cell
Serves to hold the organelles
Controls the cell’s metabolism

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Double-layer of phospholipids
1 phosphate head (hydrophilic)
2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
1 glycerol
has proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol

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18
Q

Cell membrane function?

A

Controls what enters & exits the cell - maintains homeostasis
Provides protection & support

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19
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins whose length spans the cell membrane – nestled in the phospholipid bilayer and stick out at both ends

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20
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

proteins on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer
- Help with transport & communication

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21
Q

What is the purpose of embedded channel proteins?

A

Allow ions and polar molecules to pass – due to its hydrophilic interior

The substances’ movement follows the concentration gradient (move from high concentration to low concentration)

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22
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Specific channels made to transport water (facilitated diffusion)

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23
Q

What is the purpose of carrier proteins?

A

Bind to substances/molecules that need to be moved across the cell membrane – can go with or against the concentration gradient

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24
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates? Where are they located on the cell membrane?

A

Carbohydrates act as an identification tag. They are attached to proteins or lipids on the outside of the cell membrane (glycoprotein/ glycolipids)

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25
What is cholesterol's function in the cell membrane? Where are they located?
Regulate the state of the membrane (solid/liquid) based on temperature & provides strength Separates phospholipids effectively Located in between phospholipids
26
Define selectively-permeable.
A membrane is selectively permeable when it allows only certain substances/molecules into the cell and blocks out others
27
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport: requires energy Passive transport: doesn't require energy
28
What is diffusion & how long does it occur?
Diffusion: movement of substances in & out of the cell through the cell membrane going down the concentration gradient (high --> low) Change in concentration stops when equilibrium is reached, but molecules continue to move back and forth at a constant rate
29
When can't diffusion occur?
With an impermeable membrane Particles are too big/ highly charged --> unable to pass through the membrane
30
What is osmosis? How does it work?
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively-permeable membrane Water helps to dilute solutions that are unable to move through the membrane until concentrations are equal
31
Hypertonic vs. Hypotonic
Hypertonic: the solution with high concentration (less water) - Salt water is hypertonic to fresh water Hypotonic: the solution with less concentration -- more diluted (more water) - Water is always hypotonic to any substance
32
Define isotonic
Substances with equal concentration on both sides of the membrane
33
What is osmotic pressure?
Pressure on the hypertonic side of the membrane (due to a high increase in water input)
34
What is facilitated diffusion? Examples
Cell membrane helps diffusion of bigger/charged/polar molecules (passive transport) ex. protein channels
35
What is endocytosis? How does it work? Types of endocytosis?
Endocytosis: process that takes materials into the cell (active transport) through pockets of the cell membrane - Phagocytosis: 'cellular eating' - extensions of the cytoplasm surround the particle and package it within a food vacuole - Pinocytosis: 'cellular drinking' - tiny pockets formed around the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell
36
What is exocytosis? How does it work?
Removal of large amounts of material from the cell - the membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane
37
What are ribosomes made of? Where are they located
Made of RNA & proteins They are located on the Rough ER & free in the cytoplasm
38
Function of ribosomes?
Make proteins from instructions given from the genetic material in nucleus
39
Where are the Endoplasmic Reticulums located?
Attached to the nuclear membrane
40
What is the ER made of?
interconnected membrane-bound vesicles & tubules
41
ER function?
Manufacture lipid components of the cell membrane
42
Rough ER function?
Where proteins are synthesized/modified & sent for transportation (has ribosomes on the surface - causing its rough texture)
43
Smooth ER function?
Lipid & hormone synthesis (may contain enzymes) breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in the liver Control calcium release in muscle contraction -- Essentially, creates, stores, & transports lipids & carbohydrates
44
Vesicles structure & function?
Small sac where molecules are sent after passing through the ER
45
Mitochondria structure?
has a double membrane - inner membrane forms folds *cristae*
46
Function of mitochondria?
Helps provide energy for the cell by combining food with oxygen to form ATP -- cellular respiration
47
Golgi apparatus function?
Receive, package & transport proteins - attach carbohydrates & lipids to the proteins
48
Where are lysosomes located?
Lysosomes are only present in animal cells
49
Lysosomes functions?
Has enzymes to break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles for the cell Can do programmed death - apoptosis
50
Where are peroxisomes located?
Both animal & plant cells
51
Cytoskeleton function?
maintains shape & internal organization of a cell
52
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
Network of threadlike fibers - Microtubules: hollow tube of proteins -- form spindle fibers for chromosome separation during cell division, form centrioles, cilia & flagella - Microfilaments: narrow threadlike tube (only in animal cells) - provide flexible framework for cell
53
Where is the cell wall located?
Only in plant cells outside the cell membrane
54
Cell wall function?
support and protection of cells shape Can act as a protective barrier Allows certain substances to enter easily Prevents cell from swelling after osmosis
55
Where are chloroplasts found?
Only in plant cells
56
Chloroplast function?
Use energy from the sun to make energy-rich food (photosynthesis)
57
Chloroplast structure
Stacks of membranes within the double outer membrane
58
How do chloroplasts cause a plants green color?
chlorophyll
59
Where are vacuoles located?
many small in animal cells 1 large in plant cells
60
Vacuole function?
Sac-like structure that stores materials (water, salts, proteins, carbs)
61
Cilia & flagella function
Cilia: short & numerous (eukaryotes) - Move fluid across cell membrane Flagella: long & few (all cells) - Move entire cell
62
How are mitochondria similar to chloroplasts?
Both have their own genetic material -- indication that they both may have been developed from independent microorganisms
63
What are the 4 main levels of organization?
cells - tissue - organs - organ system

Science - Living Earth (11 decks)

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