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AP Huge Ethnicity > Ch.7 > Flashcards

Ch.7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define ethnicity

A

Identity with a group of people with the same cultural traditions of a particular homeland/hearth

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2
Q

Define race

A

Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

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3
Q

Define racism

A

The belief that one race is superior to another

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4
Q

Name the three most numerous ethnicities in the U.S.

A

Asian American, African American, Hispanic American

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5
Q

What is the problem with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines “Asian”?

A

Asian=Race Asian American=ethnicity

same group of people which includes Americans from many countries in Asia

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6
Q

What is the difference between African American and black?

A

Afr. Amer. is an ethnicity, Black is race

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7
Q

How does the U.S. Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?

A

They divided it between Hispanic and Hispanic American

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8
Q

List examples of Afr.A and Hispanic Americans being more urbanized

A

90% of both ethnicities live in metropolitan areas compared to 75% of all Americans

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9
Q

Where are Hispanics clustered?

A

South West in New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Claifornia

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10
Q

Where are African Americans clustered?

A

Southeast in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, and Mississippi

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11
Q

Where are Asian Americans clustered?

A

West=40%, in Hawaii, 1/2 in California- 12% of the population

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12
Q

Forced Migration for Africans

A

Africans were forced out of their homes in Africa to become slaves in America- Jamestown, 1619

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13
Q

Interregional Migration for African Americans

A

1910+1920 A.A. moved to the North and West before and after WW1. 1940s+1950s: after WW2 migration to factories for more jobs

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14
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

A.A. went to the big cities and clustered in neighborhoods where small numbers of A.A. arrived in the nineteenth century. Known as ghettos

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15
Q

Define “White Flight”

A

Whites leaving their neighborhoods predicting that blacks would soon move in

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16
Q

Define “Blockbusting”

A

Real estate agents persuading whites who lived in or near a black area to sell their houses for low prices, saying that blacks would soon move in soon

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17
Q

Define “Separate but equal”

A

All public services were segregated although the different races were “still treated equally” (not)

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18
Q

Define apartheid

A

The physical separation of different races into geographic areas

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19
Q

Explain the key components of the apartheid system

A

A newborn baby was classified as black, white, colored or Asian, based race, people could work, live, and attend school in certain areas

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20
Q

1652 in South Africa

A

The apartheid system was created by the descendants of whites who arrived in South Africa from the Netherlands

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21
Q

1795 in South Africa

A

The British captured an controlled the Dutch colony and controlled South Africas gov.

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22
Q

1948 in South Africa

A

The Afrikaner dominated Nationalists Party won elections- the Afrikaners gained power

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23
Q

1991 in South Africa

A

The white-dominated gov. repealed the apartheid laws

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24
Q

1994 in South Africa

A

Nelson Mandela became the first black president, South Africans were allowed to vote for the first time

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25
Q

Define Nationality

A

Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

26
Q

Ethnicity v.s. Nationality

A

Ethnicity: Religion, language,+ material culture
U.S.=Distinct ancestry and cultural traditions
U.K.: Welsh, English, Irish, and Scots
Nationality: Voting, loyalty to country

27
Q

Ethnicity v.s. Nationality in the U.K.

A

Ethnicity: The British Isles compromise of Rep. of Ireland; Welsh, Irish, Scots. British Nationality: Loyalty to country

28
Q

Define Nationalism

A

Loyalty and devotion to a nationality

29
Q

How do nations+states foster nationalism?

A

Promoting symbols of the country- flags and songs

30
Q

Define centripetal forces

A

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

31
Q

List the religions of Lebanon

A

Christians (Minerates), Sunnis, Shiites, Druze, and the Greek Orthodox

32
Q

How did Lebanon’s 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?

A

Each religion must be rep. in the Chamber of Deputies according to %. President: Maronite Christian. Premier: Sunni Muslim. Foreign Minister: Greek Orthodox Christian. Speaker of the chamber of deputies: Shiite Muslim

33
Q

How has the make-up of the population changed since 1943? for Lebanon

A

Religious groups live in different regions of the country

34
Q

What happened in 1975? How has it been resolved? for Lebanon

A

A civil war, each religious group formed a private army/militia

35
Q

Ethnicities in Sri Lanka

A

Sinhalese: 74%, Language: Indo-European lan. Indo-Iranian branch. Religion: Buddhism. Located in Northern India to Southerns
Tamil: 16% Language: Dravidian fam. Religion: Hinduism
Located: Palkstrait from India northern India

36
Q

How has violence between these two groups been suppressed during the past 300 years? in Sri Lanka

A

European control

37
Q

What occurred in 1948? in Sri Lanka

A

Sri Lanka gained its independence

38
Q

Which group is unhappy? Why? in Sri Lanka

A

Tamil bc they feel like they are being discriminated bc the Sinhalese control most of the gov.

39
Q

When the Birtish ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, an how was the region divided ethinically (religiously)

A

Politcally: India+ Pakistan- Hindu

Split by India- East+West Pakistan- Muslim

40
Q

How many people found themselves on the “wrong side of the border” in the 1940s in India and Pakistan

A

17 million people

41
Q

How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan, today)?

A

6 million

42
Q

How many Muslims migrated to East Pakistan (Bangladesh, today)

A

1 million

43
Q

How many Hindus migrated from East and West Pakistan into India?

A

6 million from West 3.5 from East= 9.5 million in all

44
Q

What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled? In India and Pakistan

A

They were usually killed by people from the rival religion, and were attacked by extremists (massacres)

45
Q

Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?

A

Neither Pakistan nor India agreed on the location of the boundary separating the two countries

46
Q

What are some of the issues that the Kurds suffer from?

A

They are split amongst several countries suffer from suppression of their culture by the Turks+unsuccessful rebellions, don’t have an independent state

47
Q

Define ethnic cleansing

A

A more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one to create a homogeneous region

48
Q

Ethnic Cleansing v.s. Normal warfare

A

Ethnic Cleansing: You remove every member of an ethnicity rather than simply trying to defeat an enemy

49
Q

List the countries of the Balkan Pennisula

A
  1. Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania
50
Q

Important facts about Yugoslavia

A

June 1914- heir to throne of Austria-Hungary was killed. Assassin= Serb wanted independence for Bosnia- Yugoslavia was created after WW1 to unite

51
Q

Yugoslav refrain

A

Five Nationalities: Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrens, Serbs, Slovenes Four Languages: Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian Three religions: Roman Catholic=north, Orthodox= East Islam= South
Two alphabets= Croatian+Slovene

52
Q

What ethno-political problems did the country face after the death of Tito in the 80s and the fall of Communism in the 90s?

A

Titos death= breakup of the country. 6 independent countries

53
Q

Why did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?

A

Bosnian Muslims were considered an ethnicity not a nationality, Serbs+Croats fought to unite the areas of the republic that they inhabited w/t Serbia+Croatia

54
Q

What was agreed upon at the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?

A

Divided Bosnia+Herzegovina into 3 regions- each dominated by the Bosnian Croats, Muslims, and Serbs
Croats+Muslims combined into a federation- Serb mostly acts independent from the others

55
Q

Who got the best deal? Who got the worst? Explain

A

Best: Serbs, received almost 1/2 of the country-compromised 1/3 of the population
Worst: Muslims-1/2 of population received 1/4 of land
Croats: 1/4 of land, 1/6 of pop.

56
Q

What country controlled Kosovo?

A

Serbia

57
Q

What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and %)

A

Ethnic Albanians-90%

58
Q

With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?

A

Serbia took direct control, launched ethnic cleansing if the ethnic Albanians

59
Q

How did the U.S. and U.N. respond?

A

Launched an air attack against Serbia

60
Q

Define Balkanized

A

A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into 1 or more stable states- inhabited ethnicities who hated each other

61
Q

Define Balkanization

A

The process in which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethinicities - threat to peace throughout the world

62
Q

If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years why will it be “in a tragic way” according to the author of the textbook

A

Bc ethnic cleansing has already done its job of killing many ethnicities Ethnic homogeneity may be the sad price of peace

AP Huge Ethnicity (1 decks)

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