CH6: Tour of the Cell

Question 1

Examples of Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

Question 3

Plasma Membrane
(2 Things)

Answer 3

• bilayer of phospholipids with various proteins attached to or embedded into it
• A selective barrier surrounding all cells
• It allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell

Question 4

Cytosol

Answer 4

The semifluid substance within the membrane

Question 5

What do all cells have? (3 things)

Answer 5

• Chromosomes - carrying genes in
  the form of DNA
• Ribosomes
• Plasma Membrane

Question 6

What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Where for each?

Answer 6

Location of the DNA
- Eukaryotic cells - DNA is in the nucleus (bounded by double membrane)
- Prokaryotic - DNA is in the nucleoid (without membrane)

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

The interior of the cell
- Prokaryotic: do not have organelles
- Eukaryotic: have membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 8

What do nucleus contain?

Answer 8

Most of the genes in a eukaryotic cells

Question 9

Nuclear envelope

Answer 9

a double membrane that encloses the nucleus to separate from the cytoplasm

Question 10

Nuclear lamina

Answer 10

lines the inner side of the envelope
- consists of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Question 11

Chromosomes
-Where are they found?
- what are they?

Answer 11

• within the nucleus
• structures that carry the genetic information.

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

located inside the nucleus
- a dense area where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from genes in the DNA

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

• “protein factories”
• containing rRNA and protein
• synthesize proteins

Question 14

The endomembrane system includes: (7)

Answer 14

the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

Question 15

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 15

a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae that separate the ER lumen from the cytosol

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

• smooth, lacks ribosomes
• synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

Question 17

Rough ER

Answer 17

• rough, ribosomes are attached to the outside
• secrete proteins, synthesized: membrane-bounded proteins, and phopholipids

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

• manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping cell products
• products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations.

Question 19

Lysosomes

Answer 19

• is a membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules.
• can recycle cell’s organelles and macromolecules

Question 20

Vacuoles

Answer 20

Large vesicles derived from the EG and Golgi apparatus

Question 21

Food vacuoles

Answer 21

formed by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes.

Question 22

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 22

• found in freshwater protists
• pump excess water out of the cell to maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell.

Question 23

Central Vacuole

Answer 23

• found in many mature plant cells
• the solution inside the vacuole, called cell sap, differs in composition from the cytosol
• ## stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions, disposing of metabolic by-products, holding pigments, and storing defensive compounds that protect the plant against herbivores.

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

• the sites of cellular respiration, using oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
• convert chemical energy within eukaryotic cells.

Question 25

Chloroplasts

Answer 25

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis.
- capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy

Question 26

Cytoskeleton

Answer 26

a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that provides mechanical support and maintains the cell’s shape.
- important in animals, which lacks walls
- provides anchorage for many organelles and cytosolic enzymes

Question 27

What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 27

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Question 28

Vesicles

Answer 28

sacs made of membrane

Question 29

what is an example of many smooth er?

Answer 29

cells that secrete steroid hormones

Question 30

Cilia and Flagella

Answer 30

contain microtubules
- propel unicellular protists, sperm cells, algae.