Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO241 CH6 Bones > CH6 BONES > Flashcards

CH6 BONES Flashcards

1
Q

• Contain no blood vessels or nerves
• Dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

A

SKELETAL

CARTILAGES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3

Types of Skeletal Cartilages

A

HEF

1. Hyaline cartilages

  1. Elastic cartilages
  2. Fibrocartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What Skeletal Cartilage

  • Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
  • Most abundant type
A

Hyaline cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What Skeletal Cartilage

Is similar to hyaline cartilages, but contains elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What Skeletal Cartilage

Contaisn Collagen fibers & have great tensile strength

A

Fibrocartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

• Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

A

• Appositional

during Growth of a Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

• Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

A

• Interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

• Calcification of cartilage occurs during?

A
  • Normal bone growth
  • Old age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bones of the Skeleton
• Two main groups, by location

A
  • Axial skeleton (brown)
  • Appendicular skeleton (yellow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many

Classification of Bones by Shape

A

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

LIFS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bones by Shape
• Long bones

A

• Longer than they are wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bones by Shape

• Short bones

A

• Cube-shaped bones

(in wrist and ankle)

• Sesamoid bones

(within tendons, e.g., patella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bones by Shape
• Flat bones

A

Thin, flat, slightly curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bones by Shape

• Irregular bones

A

• Complicated shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Minerals (calcium and phosphorus salts) and growth factors
  • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities(RED Marrow)
  • Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone cavities(YELLOW Marrow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bone Markings
• Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as?

A
  • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Joint surfaces
  • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bone Markings:

Projections

• Sites of muscle and ligament attachment?

A
  • Tuberosity—rounded projection
  • Crest—narrow, prominent ridge
  • Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface
  • Line—narrow ridge of bone
  • Tubercle—small rounded projection
  • Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle
  • Spine—sharp, slender projection
  • Process—any bony prominence

SPECTTTL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bone Markings:

• Projections that help to form joints

A

• Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

• Facet Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

• Condyle
Rounded articular projection

• Ramus
Armlike bar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bone Markings:

What are the Depressions and Openings

A

• Meatus
Canal-like passageway
• Sinus
Cavity within a bone
• Fossa
Shallow, basinlike depression
• Groove
Furrow
• Fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
• Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bone Textures
of Compact bone?

A

• Dense outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bone Texture

of Spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

• Honeycomb of trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the Structure of a Long Bone?

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Epiphyses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Structure of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis (shaft)

A
  • Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity
  • Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

• Epiphyses

A
  • Expanded ends
  • Spongy bone interior
  • Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)
  • Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the Membranes of Bones?

A
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe Membrane Periosteum of a bone?

A

• Outer fibrous layer

• Inner osteogenic layer
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
Osteogenic cells (stem cells)

  • Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
  • Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe Membranes

Endosteum?

A
  • Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone
  • Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

covers compact bone on the outside

A

• Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

covers spongy bone within

A

• Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

called diploë in flat bones

A

• Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is between the trabeculae?

A

• Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)
Adults

A
  • Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
  • Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)
Newborn Infants?

A

• Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the Cells of bones?

A
  • Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

• Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

A

• Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

• Bone-forming cells

A

• Osteoblasts

37
Q

• Mature bone cells

A

• Osteocytes

38
Q

• Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

A

• Osteoclasts

39
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of

Compact Bone

What is Osteon—Structural unit

A

• Haversian system

40
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone

  • Weight-bearing
  • Column-like matrix tubes
A

• Lamellae

41
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone

What part

• Contains blood vessels and nerves?

A

• Central (Haversian) canal

42
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone

What has
right angles to the central canal
& Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

A

• Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
•

43
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone:

Compact Bone

What has
small cavities that contain osteocytes?

A

• Lacunae

44
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone:

Compact Bone

What has hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal?

A

• Canaliculi

45
Q

What part of the Spongy Bone has these Charateristic?

  • Align along lines of stress
  • No osteons
  • Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
  • Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
A

• Trabeculae

46
Q

Chemical Composition of Organic Bone contain?

A

Osteogenic cells,

osteoblasts,

osteocytes,

osteoclasts

47
Q

Chemical Composition of Organic Bone:

This organic bone matrix is secreted by osteoblasts & its made up of Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

A

Osteoid

48
Q

Chemical Composition of Organic Bone

• Provides tensile strength and flexibility

A

• Collagen fibers

49
Q

Chemical Composition of Inorganic Bone

Charateristics and functions of

• Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

A
  • 65% of bone by mass
  • Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
  • Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
50
Q

Term used in bone tissue formation?

A

• Osteogenesis (ossification)

51
Q

What are the

Bone Development

Stages?

A
  • Bone formation—begins in the 2nd month of development
  • _Postnatal bone growt_h—until early adulthood
  • Bone remodeling and repair—lifelong
52
Q

Two Types of Ossification?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification
53
Q

This type of ossification the
Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane &
Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
54
Q

Name this Type of Ossification

  • Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
  • Forms most of the rest of the skeleton
  • Uses hyaline cartilage models
  • Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
A

Endochondral Ossification

55
Q

In Postnatal Bone Growth what is
Interstitial growth?

A

• ↑ length of long bones

56
Q

In Postnatal Bone Growth what is

Appositional growth?

A

↑ thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces

57
Q

Growth in Length of Long Bones
• Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones what are they?

A

_*CHOP _

  • Proliferation (growth)
  • Hypertrophic
  • Calcification
  • Ossification (osteogenic)
58
Q

What does Growth Hormone in regualtion of Bone Growth do?

A

Stimulates Epiphyseal plate activity

59
Q

In Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth
Thyroid hormone modulates what?

A

activity of growth hormone

60
Q

In Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth the
Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty) do what?

A
  • Promote adolescent growth spurts
  • End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
61
Q

Bone Deposit
Occurs when?

A

• Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

62
Q

What is required and used in Bone Deposit?

A

• Requires a diet rich in protein; vitamins C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; and manganese

63
Q

During Bone Deposit

• This Site has
Unmineralized band of matrix

A

• Osteoid seam

64
Q

During Bone Deposit

• This site has an abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone is called?

A

• Calcification front

65
Q

During Bone Deposit

• These 2 Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the?

A

**• Osteoid seam

• Calcification front
**

66
Q

What happens during Bone Resorption?

A

1)Osteoclasts secrete
• Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix)
• Acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms)

2)Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood

67
Q

Control of Remodeling

• What controls continual remodeling of bone?
•

A
  • Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood
  • Mechanical and gravitational forces
68
Q

During Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+
• Calcium is necessary for?

A

• Transmission of nerve impulses

• Muscle contraction

• Blood coagulation

• Secretion by glands and nerve cells

• Cell division

69
Q

During Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+

Primarily controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

↓ Blood Ca2+ levels
↓
Parathyroid glands release PTH
↓
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+
↓
↑ Blood Ca2+ levels

70
Q

Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+

• May be affected to a lesser extent by _calcitonin
_

A

↑ Blood Ca2+ levels
↓
Parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin
↓
Osteoblasts deposit calcium salts
↓
↓ Blood Ca2+ levels

• Leptin has also been shown to influence bone density by inhibiting osteoblasts

71
Q

During Bone Response to Mechanical Stress
What LAW does bone grow/s or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it?

A

• Wolff’s law:

72
Q

What are some
Observations supporting Wolff’s law?

A
  • Handedness (right or left handed) results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger
  • Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle
  • Trabeculae form along lines of stress
  • Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach
73
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures
• Bone fractures may be classified by four “either/or” classifications

A
  1. Position of bone ends after fracture:
  2. Completeness of the break
  3. Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone:
  4. Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin:
74
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures

Position of bone ends after fracture name 2?

A
  1. Position of bone ends after fracture:

• Nondisplaced—ends retain normal position

• Displaced—ends out of normal alignment

75
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures

2 Types of Completeness of the break?

A

Completeness of the break

  • Complete—broken all the way through
  • Incomplete—*not* broken all the way through
76
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures

Name 2 types of Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone?

A

Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone:

  • Linear—parallel to long axis of the bone
  • Transverse—perpendicular to long axis of the bone
77
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures

Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin name 2.

•

A

Compound (open)—bone ends penetrate the skin

Simple (closed)—bone ends do not penetrate the skin

78
Q

• All fractures can be described in terms of?

A
  • Location
  • External appearance
  • Nature of the break
79
Q

What are the Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture?

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
80
Q

What happens in Stage ONE (1) in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  • Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
  • Clot (hematoma) forms
  • Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
81
Q

What happens in Stage TWO (2) in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

A

Stage 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

  • Phagocytic cells clear debris
  • Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week
  • Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends
  • Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus
82
Q

What happens in Stage THREE (3) in the Healing of a Bone Fracture?

A

STAGE 3. Bony callus formation

  • New trabeculae form a bony (hard) callus
  • Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in ~2 months
83
Q

What happens in Stage FOUR (4) in the Healing of a Bone Fracture?

A

Stage 4. Bone remodeling

  • In response to mechanical stressors over several months
  • Final structure resembles original
84
Q

What happens & what causes

  • *Osteomalacia and Rickets
    • *
A
  • Calcium salts not deposited
  • Rickets (childhood disease) causes bowed legs and other bone deformities
  • Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
85
Q

Desribe Osteoporosis & its Risk Factors

A
  • _Loss of bone mass—_bone resorption outpaces deposit
  • S_pongy bone of spine and neck of femur_ become most susceptible to fracture

• Risk factors = Lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus

86
Q

What are some Treatment and Prevention for Osteoporosis?

A
  • Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements
  • ↑ Weight-bearing exercise throughout life
  • Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
  • Some drugs (Fosamax, SERMs, statins) increase bone mineral density
87
Q

Describe Paget’s Disease

A
  • Excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull
  • Pagetic bone has very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
  • Unknown cause (possibly viral)
  • Treatment includes calcitonin and biphosphonates
88
Q

STUDY NOTES

*Developmental Aspects of Bones
• Embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably so fetal age easily determined from X rays or sonograms

  • At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except epiphyses)
  • Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25
  • Bone mass decreases with age beginning in 4th decade
  • Rate of loss determined by genetics and environmental factors
  • In old age, bone resorption predominates
A

STUDY NOTES

*Developmental Aspects of Bones

  • Embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably so fetal age easily determined from X rays or sonograms
  • At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except epiphyses)
  • Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25
  • Bone mass decreases with age beginning in 4th decade
  • Rate of loss determined by genetics and environmental factors
  • In old age, bone resorption predominates
89
Q
A

BIO241 CH6 Bones (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions