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BIO241 CH6 Bones > CH6 BONES > Flashcards

CH6 BONES Flashcards

1
Q

• Contain no blood vessels or nerves
• Dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

A

SKELETAL

CARTILAGES

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2
Q

3

Types of Skeletal Cartilages

A

HEF

1. Hyaline cartilages

  1. Elastic cartilages
  2. Fibrocartilages
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3
Q

What Skeletal Cartilage

  • Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
  • Most abundant type
A

Hyaline cartilages

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4
Q

What Skeletal Cartilage

Is similar to hyaline cartilages, but contains elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilages

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5
Q

What Skeletal Cartilage

Contaisn Collagen fibers & have great tensile strength

A

Fibrocartilages

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6
Q

• Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

A

• Appositional

during Growth of a Cartilage

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7
Q

• Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

A

• Interstitial

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8
Q

• Calcification of cartilage occurs during?

A
  • Normal bone growth
  • Old age
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9
Q

Bones of the Skeleton
• Two main groups, by location

A
  • Axial skeleton (brown)
  • Appendicular skeleton (yellow)
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10
Q

How many

Classification of Bones by Shape

A

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

LIFS

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11
Q

Bones by Shape
• Long bones

A

• Longer than they are wide

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12
Q

Bones by Shape

• Short bones

A

• Cube-shaped bones

(in wrist and ankle)

• Sesamoid bones

(within tendons, e.g., patella)

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13
Q

Bones by Shape
• Flat bones

A

Thin, flat, slightly curved

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14
Q

Bones by Shape

• Irregular bones

A

• Complicated shapes

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15
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Minerals (calcium and phosphorus salts) and growth factors
  • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities(RED Marrow)
  • Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone cavities(YELLOW Marrow)
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16
Q

Bone Markings
• Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as?

A
  • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Joint surfaces
  • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
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17
Q

Bone Markings:

Projections

• Sites of muscle and ligament attachment?

A
  • Tuberosity—rounded projection
  • Crest—narrow, prominent ridge
  • Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface
  • Line—narrow ridge of bone
  • Tubercle—small rounded projection
  • Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle
  • Spine—sharp, slender projection
  • Process—any bony prominence

SPECTTTL

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18
Q

Bone Markings:

• Projections that help to form joints

A

• Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

• Facet Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

• Condyle
Rounded articular projection

• Ramus
Armlike bar

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19
Q

Bone Markings:

What are the Depressions and Openings

A

• Meatus
Canal-like passageway
• Sinus
Cavity within a bone
• Fossa
Shallow, basinlike depression
• Groove
Furrow
• Fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
• Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone

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20
Q

Bone Textures
of Compact bone?

A

• Dense outer layer

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21
Q

Bone Texture

of Spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

• Honeycomb of trabeculae

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22
Q

What are the Structure of a Long Bone?

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Epiphyses
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23
Q

Structure of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis (shaft)

A
  • Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity
  • Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)
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24
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

• Epiphyses

A
  • Expanded ends
  • Spongy bone interior
  • Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)
  • Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces
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25
What are the Membranes of Bones?
* Periosteum * Endosteum
26
Describe Membrane Periosteum of a bone?
• Outer fibrous layer • Inner osteogenic layer Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) Osteogenic cells (stem cells) * Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina * Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
27
Describe Membranes Endosteum?
* Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone * Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
28
covers compact bone on the outside
• Periosteum
29
covers spongy bone within
• Endosteum
30
called diploë in flat bones
• Spongy bone
31
What is between the trabeculae?
• Bone marrow
32
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) Adults
* Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus * Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones
33
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) Newborn Infants?
• Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone
34
What are the Cells of bones?
* Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells * Osteoblasts * Osteocytes * Osteoclasts
35
• Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
• Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
36
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoblasts
37
• Mature bone cells
• Osteocytes
38
• Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix
• Osteoclasts
39
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone What is Osteon—Structural unit
• Haversian system
40
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone * Weight-bearing * Column-like matrix tubes
• Lamellae
41
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone What part • Contains blood vessels and nerves?
• Central (Haversian) canal
42
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone What has right angles to the central canal & Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
• Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals •
43
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone What has small cavities that contain osteocytes?
• Lacunae
44
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone What has hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal?
• Canaliculi
45
What part of the Spongy Bone has these Charateristic? * Align along lines of stress * No osteons * Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi * Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
• Trabeculae
46
Chemical Composition of Organic Bone contain?
Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
47
Chemical Composition of Organic Bone: This organic bone matrix is secreted by osteoblasts & its made up of Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)
Osteoid
48
Chemical Composition of Organic Bone • Provides tensile strength and flexibility
• Collagen fibers
49
Chemical Composition of Inorganic Bone ## Footnote Charateristics and functions of • Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
* 65% of bone by mass * Mainly calcium phosphate crystals * Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
50
Term used in bone tissue formation?
• Osteogenesis (ossification)
51
What are the Bone Development Stages?
* _Bone formation_—begins in the 2nd month of development * _Postnatal bone growt_h—until early adulthood * _Bone remodeling and repair_—lifelong
52
Two Types of Ossification?
1. Intramembranous ossification 2. Endochondral ossification
53
This type of ossification the Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane & Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
1. Intramembranous ossification
54
Name this Type of Ossification * Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage * Forms most of the rest of the skeleton * Uses hyaline cartilage models * Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Endochondral Ossification
55
In Postnatal Bone Growth what is Interstitial growth?
• ↑ length of long bones
56
In Postnatal Bone Growth what is Appositional growth?
↑ thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces
57
Growth in Length of Long Bones • Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones what are they?
_\*CHOP _ * Proliferation (growth) * Hypertrophic * Calcification * Ossification (osteogenic)
58
What does _Growth Hormone_ in regualtion of Bone Growth do?
Stimulates Epiphyseal plate activity
59
In Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth Thyroid hormone modulates what?
activity of growth hormone
60
In Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth the Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty) do what?
* Promote adolescent growth spurts * End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
61
Bone Deposit Occurs when?
• Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed
62
What is required and used in Bone Deposit?
• Requires a diet rich in protein; vitamins C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; and manganese
63
During Bone Deposit • This Site has Unmineralized band of matrix
• Osteoid seam
64
During Bone Deposit • This site has an abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone is called?
• Calcification front
65
During Bone Deposit • These 2 Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the?
**• Osteoid seam • Calcification front **
66
What happens during Bone Resorption?
1)Osteoclasts secrete • _Lysosomal enzymes_ (digest organic matrix) • _Acids_ (convert calcium salts into soluble forms) 2)Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood
67
Control of Remodeling • What **_controls continual remodeling_** of bone? •
* Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood * Mechanical and gravitational forces
68
During Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ • _Calcium is necessary_ for?
**• Transmission of nerve impulses** **• Muscle contraction** **• Blood coagulation** **• Secretion by glands and nerve cells** **• Cell division**
69
During Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ Primarily controlled by **_parathyroid hormone (PTH)_**
**↓** Blood Ca2+ levels ↓ Parathyroid glands release PTH ↓ PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ ↓ **↑** Blood Ca2+ levels
70
Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ • May be _affected to a lesser extent by_ **_calcitonin _**
↑ Blood Ca2+ levels ↓ Parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin ↓ Osteoblasts deposit calcium salts ↓ ↓ Blood Ca2+ levels **_• Leptin_** has also been shown to influence bone density by inhibiting osteoblasts
71
During Bone Response to Mechanical Stress What LAW does bone grow/s or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it?
• Wolff’s law:
72
What are some Observations supporting Wolff’s law?
* Handedness (right or left handed) results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger * Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle * Trabeculae form along lines of stress * Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach
73
Classification of Bone Fractures • Bone fractures may be classified by four “either/or” classifications ## Footnote
1. Position of bone ends after fracture: 2. Completeness of the break 3. Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone: 4. Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin:
74
Classification of Bone Fractures _Position of bone ends_ after fracture name 2?
1. Position of bone ends after fracture: _• Nondisplaced_—**ends retain** normal position _• Displaced_—**ends out of normal** alignment
75
Classification of Bone Fractures 2 Types of **_Completeness_** of the break? ## Footnote
Completeness of the break * **Complete**—_broken all the way through_ * I**ncomplete**—_***not*** broken all the way through_
76
Classification of Bone Fractures Name 2 types of _Orientation of the break_ to the long axis of the bone? ## Footnote
Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone: * **Linear**—_parallel to long axis of the bone_ * **Transverse**—_perpendicular to long axis of the bone_
77
Classification of Bone Fractures Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin name 2. •
**Compound (open)**—bone ends _penetrate the skin_ **Simple (closed)**—bone ends _**do not** penetrate the skin_
78
• _All fractures_ can be _described in terms_ of?
* Location * External appearance * Nature of the break
79
What are the Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture?
1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling
80
What happens in **_Stage ONE (1)_** in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
1. _Hematoma forms_ * Torn blood vessels hemorrhage * Clot (hematoma) forms * Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
81
What happens in **_Stage TWO (2)_** in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Stage 2. **_Fibrocartilaginous callus forms_** * Phagocytic cells clear debris * Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week * Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends * Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus
82
What happens in **_Stage THREE (3)_** in the Healing of a Bone Fracture?
STAGE 3. **_Bony callus formation_** * New trabeculae form a bony (hard) callus * Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in ~2 months
83
What happens in **_Stage FOUR (4)_** in the Healing of a Bone Fracture?
Stage 4. **_Bone remodeling_** * In response to mechanical stressors over several months * Final structure resembles original
84
What happens & what causes * *_Osteomalacia and Rickets_ * *
* Calcium salts not deposited * Rickets (childhood disease) causes bowed legs and other bone deformities * Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
85
Desribe **_Osteoporosis_** & its Risk Factors
* _Loss of bone mass—_b**one resorption outpaces deposit** * S_pongy bone of spine and neck of femur_ become **most susceptible** to fracture _• Risk factors_ = ***Lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus***
86
What are some **Treatment** and **Prevention** for _Osteoporosis_?
* Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements * **↑** Weight-bearing exercise throughout life * Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss * Some drugs (Fosamax, SERMs, statins) increase bone mineral density
87
Describe Paget’s Disease
* Excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull * Pagetic bone has very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization * Unknown cause (possibly viral) * Treatment includes calcitonin and biphosphonates
88
**_STUDY NOTES_** _\*Developmental Aspects of Bones_ • Embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably so fetal age easily determined from X rays or sonograms * At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except epiphyses) * Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25 * Bone mass decreases with age beginning in 4th decade * Rate of loss determined by genetics and environmental factors * In old age, bone resorption predominates
**_STUDY NOTES_** _\*Developmental Aspects of Bones_ * Embryonic skeleton ossifies predictably so fetal age easily determined from X rays or sonograms * At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except epiphyses) * Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25 * Bone mass decreases with age beginning in 4th decade * Rate of loss determined by genetics and environmental factors * In old age, bone resorption predominates
89

BIO241 CH6 Bones (1 decks)

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