Ch.6

Question 1

Skeletal system

Answer 1

• Consist of the body’s 206 bones

- cartilage,ligaments,joints belong to skeletal system

Question 2

Cartilage

Answer 2

Entire skeleton is made up of cartilage
-gets replaced by bone(ossifies) during embryonic development
-remains where a flexible skeleton is needed
Support with flexibility

Question 3

Structure of cartilage

Answer 3

• chondrocytes

- avascular(all cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium)

Question 4

Perichondrium

Answer 4

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supplies nutrients to the cartilage

Question 5

Types of cartilage

Answer 5

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

Question 6

Location hyaline Cartilage

Answer 6

• Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones within joints
• costal cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum
• respiratory cartilage forms the skeleton of the respiratory system(nose, larynx,trachea)

Question 7

Fibrocartilage location

Answer 7

• intervertebral discs
• menisci of knee joints
• pubic symphysis

Question 8

Elastic cartilage location

Answer 8

Ear

Epiglottis

Question 9

Bone

Answer 9

Each bone in the body is an individual organ

• all four tissue types are present
• bone(osseous) connective tissue is the dominant tissue type

Question 10

Functions of bone

Answer 10

Support
Protection
Movement
Hemopoiesis
Mineral and energy storage

Question 11

Bone-Support

Answer 11

Provide the body it’s shape/form

Question 12

Bone-protection

Answer 12

• the skull protects the brain
• the vertebral column protects the spinal cord
• the thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs
• the pelvic girdle protects the pelvic cavity viscera

Question 13

Bone-movement

Answer 13

Muscle attach to bones and move them when they are contract

Question 14

Bone-hemopoiesis

Answer 14

Blood cells production occurs in the bones of red marrow -in adults not found in all bones

• the spongy bone of the flat skull,ribs,sternum have red marrow as do vertebrae and hips.
• the only long bones to have red marrow are the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus

Question 15

Bone mineral and energy storage

Answer 15

• bone is reserve for calcium and phosphate

- fat is stored in the bones yellow marrow

Question 16

Classification of bones

Answer 16

• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones

Question 17

Short bones

Answer 17

-equal length and width(approximately cube shaped)

Ex: all limb bones that are not long bones(carpals,tarsals, and patellar)

Question 18

Flat bone

Answer 18

-flat and thin
-usually slightly curved
Ex:sternum, ribs, scapulae, and most skull bones

Question 19

Irregular bone

Answer 19

-complex shapes that can not be described as long, short or flat
Ex:vertebrae,ossa coxae, and certain skull bones(sphenoid, ethmoid)

Question 20

Gross anatomy of long bone(diaphysis)

Answer 20

• the shaft of a long bone
• a ring of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity
• the medullary cavity contains yellow marrow (fat)

Question 21

Gross anatomy of long bones(epiphyses)

Answer 21

• the 2 expanded ends of a long bone
• an outer layer of a compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone
• red marrow fills in the spaces of the spongy bone in the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.

Question 22

Metaphyses

Answer 22

• the junction between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

- the location of the epiphyseal plate or epiphyseal line

Question 23

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 23

A layer of hyaline cartilage that allows bind growth

Question 24

Epiphyseal line

Answer 24

The ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate when the bone is no longer growing

Question 25

Epiphyses are surrounded by?

Answer 25

Articular cartilage(hyaline cartilage -very thin, lacks perichondrium,heals very poorly

Question 26

The diaphysis and metaphyses are surrounded by

Answer 26

Periosteum - Dense irregular connective tissue - anchored to the compact bone of diaphysis by way of perforating fibers - a nutrient foremen in the periosteum allows blood vessels to pass through to the bone tissue

Question 27

The medullary cavity of the diaphysis is lined by...

Answer 27

Endosteum(a membrane similar to the outer periosteum)

Question 28

A gross anatomy of flat bone

Answer 28

A less complex anatomy -no diaphysis,medullary cavity,epiphyses, or metaphyses Simply a layer of spongy bond sandwiched between two layers of compact bone(periosteum still covers the compact bone)

Question 29

In which part of spongy bone red marrow exist?

Answer 29

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, hips

Question 30

In which part of lone bone red marrow exist?

Answer 30

Proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus

Question 31

Compact bone

Answer 31

-relatively solid and dense -formed by many cylindrical Osteons that run the length of the bone -a central canal runs through the middle of each Osteons Blood vessels and nerves run through the canal

Question 32

Lamella

Answer 32

Concentric rings that encircle the central canal, forming the bulk of Osteon

Question 33

Location of osteocytes within lacunae

Answer 33

Found at the junctions between lamella

Question 34

Canaliculi

Answer 34

- tiny channels that connect osteocytes within lacunae to the osteon's blood supply in the central canal - canaliculi run within Osteons

Question 35

Perforating canals

Answer 35

- Larger channels that connect all of the central canals of all of the Osteons within a bone - they also connect central canals to the outer nutrient foremen and inner medullary cavity - perforating canals therefore run between Osteons

Question 36

Trabeculae

Answer 36

Bony structures Form a crisscrossing network of bone Red marrow is found within the spaces among the Trabeculae

Question 37

Chemical composition of bone

Answer 37

-The organic component of bone consists of cells(osteocytes),collagen fibers, and ground substance -the inorganic component of bone consists of salts crystals(calcium hydroxyapatite) The salts make the ground substance and therefore the entire bone tissue hard and durable

Question 38

Effects of exercise on bone

Answer 38

- mechanical stress(I.e, muscle contraction and gravity) stimulates increase in bone density by increased osteoblasts activity - athletes who engage in these types of activities, on average, have greater bone density

Question 39

Causes of bone fractures

Answer 39

- stress - traumatic - pathological - soft tissue involvement (simple, compound)

Question 40

Stress

Answer 40

A thin break due to repetitive loafs(tend to be in weight-bearing bones, eg. Pelvis and lower limb)

Question 41

Traumatic

Answer 41

Results of impact or increased tension or torsion from outside source

Question 42

Pathologic

Answer 42

Weakened by disease(osteoporosis)

Question 43

Simple

Answer 43

Bone does not protrude through skin

Question 44

Compound

Answer 44

Broken ends of bone protrude through skin