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PersonalLinux > ch5.1 Storage - Partitions, Logical Volumes, and Mounting Systems > Flashcards

ch5.1 Storage - Partitions, Logical Volumes, and Mounting Systems Flashcards

1
Q

/proc/mdstat file

A

file that stores RAID info and /md state (I believe md stands for multiple device)

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2
Q

block devices

A

devices like storage devices and can only be read or written to in blocks of data

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3
Q

FAT (file system)

A

File Allocation Table is an older file system that’s most often used to maintain compatibility between many different operating systems

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4
Q

Ext2 (file system)

A

a native Linux file system, generally regarded as ‘legacy’ but is still supported by current Linux releases

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5
Q

Ext3 (file system)

A

Linux native and much faster data recovery and better at ensuring data integrity in the event of a sudden system shutdown than Ext2

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6
Q

Ext4 (file system)

A

Linux native and supports very large file systems

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7
Q

XFS (file system)

A

a high-performance journaling file system, provides fast recovery, and can also handle large files efficiently

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8
Q

BTRFS (file system)

A

Linux native, modern, copy-on-write, fault tolerance, repair, and easy file administration

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9
Q

SMB protocol

A

Server Message Block allows users to share access to files and other resources over a LAN, and can also be used as a local file system

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10
Q

CIFS

A

Common Internet File System, a specific implementation of SMB rarely used today

but some Linux distros still use the name CIFS in some tools when referring to SMB

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11
Q

NFS

A

Network File System offers similar functionality to SMB, but are not compatible, and in an all Linux environment, NFS provides more functionality, but Windows does not support it by default

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12
Q

NTFS

A
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13
Q

inode (index node)

A

object that stores metadat about a file or directory on a given file system like when the file was created/modified and permission/ownership information

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14
Q

journaling (in file systems)

A

journaling records changes to files that have not yet been committed to the actual file and allows for fast file system recovery

generally recorded inside the inode

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15
Q

VFS

A

Virtual File System is a common software interface that sits between the kernel and the real file system, translating the real file system to the kernel and changes from the kernel back to the real file system

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16
Q

File System Labels

A

assigned to different file systems by a VFS for identification

ext based file system labels can be modified by the e2label Bash command and XFS based file system labels can be modified by the xfs_admin Bash command

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17
Q

Primary Partition

A

partition type that contains one file system or logical drive and is sometimes referred to as a volume

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18
Q

Swap File System

A

partition type that is used as logical RAM to free up physical RAM (but is located on the primary partition)

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19
Q

Extended Partition

A

partition type that contains several file systems, which are referred to as logical drives

does not actually store any files or data

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20
Q

Logical Partition

A

partition type that is allocated as an independent unit and functions as a separate drive

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21
Q

fdisk

A

utility and Bash command used to create, modify, or delete partitions on a storage drive

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22
Q

fdisk options
-b
-H
-S
-s
-l (lowercase L)

A

-b specify number of drive sectors
-H specify number of drive heads
-S specify number of sectors per track
-s print the partition size in blocks
-l (lowercase L) list partition tables for devices

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23
Q

fdisk internal options
n
d
p
w
q

A

n create new partitions
d remove (delete) partition
p list existing partitions
w write drive changes and exit
q cancel changes and exit

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24
Q

partprobe

A

Bash command to update the kernel with changes that now exist within the partition table

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25
Q

mkfs
-v
-V

A

Bash command to build a Linux file system on a device

-v verbose output & ongoing
-V verbose output but includes all file specific commands as executed

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26
Q

mkfs (more options)
-t
-fs
-c
-l (lowercase L)

A

-t specify type of file system to build
-fs pass file system specific options to the file system builder
-c check the device for bad blocks before building the file system
-l print the list of bad blocks from a specified file

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27
Q

mkfs syntax options

A

mkfs [options] [device name]
mkfs [file system type] [options] [device name]

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28
Q

/etc/fstab file

A

stores file information about storage devices and partitions and where/how they should be mounted

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29
Q

fstab file fields

A

device or partition name
default mount point
file system type
mount options
dump options (used for )
fsck options

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30
Q

/etc/crypttab file

A

stores information on encrypted devices and partitions that need to be unlocked at boot

stores similar fields to the /etc/fstab file with the addition of an optional password field

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31
Q

Storage Setup Process

A
  1. partition the storage device
  2. format the partition with a file system
  3. add formatted partition to fstab file
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32
Q

/dev

A

a special file that contains details about all the files and subdirectories housed within it

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33
Q

/dev/sda1 name breakdown

A

sd -> type of device controller
a -> first whole drive
1 -> first partition on the a drive

34
Q

/dev/null

A

a special type of virtual device that discards anything you send or redirect to it.

35
Q

/dev/zero

A

a special type of virtual device that only returns a null when read from.

36
Q

/dev/urandom

A

a special type of virtual device that when read, returns a series of psudorandom numbers.

37
Q

DM-multipath

A

a feature of the kernel that if one path to a device fails, switches to another path that remains, keeping the device available

38
Q

/etc/multipath.conf

A

configuration file for the DM-multipath

39
Q

mdadm

A

Bash command used to create and manage software-based RAID arrays

40
Q

/dev/mapper

A

contains all logical volumes on a given system that are being managed by the logical volume manager

41
Q

RAID 0 (zero)

A

multiple disks, each storing individual parts of a file, leading to theoretically faster speeds, but no additional fault tolerance.

42
Q

RAID 1

A

the secondary disk in a RAID 1 array is configured as a mirror, enabling full redundancy. Only makes sense in a two disk system

43
Q

RAID 5

A

can only be used in 3 or more disks, but combines striping with a parity drive

implements more redundancy than RAID 0, but more optimized storage space than RAID 1

the parity bit is also striped across the drives

44
Q

RAID 6

A

RAID 5 + 1, so everything good about 5, but each file gets double parity bits, so up to any two drives in the system can fail, while keeping access to all files

implementation only makes sense with 4 or more disks

45
Q

RAID 10

A

RAID 1 + 0, or really just a mirrored RAID 0

offers the same speed advantages of a RAID 0 but also the redundancy of a mirrored array

theoretically can lose 2 drives with no data loss, but only if they’re the correct two

also lose 50% of disk space

46
Q

pvscan

A

physical volume tool that scans for all physical devices being used as physical volumes (Bash command?)

47
Q

pvcreate

A

physical volume tool that initializes a drive or partition to use as a physical volume

48
Q

pvdisplay

A

physical volume tool that lists attributes of physical drives

49
Q

pvchange

A

physical volume tool that changes attributes of a physical volume

50
Q

pvs

A

physical volume tool that displays information about physical volumes

51
Q

pvck

A

physical volume tool that checks the metadata of physical volumes

52
Q

pvremove

A

physical volume tool that removes physical volumes

53
Q

vgscan

A

volume group tool that scans all physical devices for volume groups

54
Q

vgcreate

A

volume group tool that creates volume groups

55
Q

vgdisplay

A

volume group tool that lists attributes of volume groups

56
Q

vgchange

A

volume group tool that changes the attributes of volume groups

57
Q

vgs

A

volume group tool that displays information about volume groups

58
Q

vgck

A

volume group tool that checks the metadata of volume groups

59
Q

vgrename

A

volume group tool that renames a volume group

60
Q

vgreduce

A

volume group tool that removes physical volumes from a group to reduce its size

61
Q

vgextend

A

volume group tool that adds physical volumes to volume groups

62
Q

vgmerge

A

volume group tool that merges two volume groups

63
Q

vgsplit

A

volume group tool that splits a volume group into two

64
Q

vgremove

A

volume group tool that removes volume groups

65
Q

lvscan

A

logical volume tool that scans all physical devices for logical volumes

66
Q

lvcreate

A

logical volume tool that creates logical volumes in a volume group

67
Q

lvdisplay

A

logical volume tool that lists attributes of the volumes

68
Q

lvchange

A

logical volume tool that changes attributes of the volumes

69
Q

lvs

A

logical volume tool that displays information about logical volumes

70
Q

lvrename

A

logical volume tool that renames logical volumes

71
Q

lvreduce

A

logical volume tool that reduces the size of logical volumes

72
Q

lvextend

A

logical volume tool that extends the size of logical volumes

73
Q

lvresize

A

logical volume tool that resizes logical volumes

74
Q

lvremove

A

logical volume tool that removes logical volumes

75
Q

Mount Point

A

an access point that is typically an empty directory where a file system is loaded or mounted, to make it accessible to users

76
Q

mount

A

Bash command to load a file system to a specified directory to make it accessible to users and applications

syntax:
mount [options] [device name] [mount point]

77
Q

mount command options

A

help?

78
Q

Binary

A

a source code that is compiled into an executable program

79
Q

unmount

A

Bash command to disassociate a mounted file system from the directory

syntax:
unmount [options] [mount point]

80
Q

unmount options
-f
-l
-R
-t
-O (capital letter)
-fake

A

-f force unmount a file system
-l perform a lazy unmount
-R recursively unmount specified directory mount points
-t [file system type] unmount only the file system types specified
-O unmount only the file systems with specified options in /etc/fstab file
-fake test the unmounting procedure

81
Q

systemd.mount

A

secondary way to mount a file system

checks text files in the /etc/systemd/system directory for text config files for additional mount points

82
Q

Filesystem in USErspace (FUSE)

A

Lets non-privileged users create own file systems without editing the underlying kernel code

PersonalLinux (8 decks)

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