ch.5 tissues Flashcards
what is the study of tissues called?
histology
many cells are tightly packed within ___ ___ that connet their cell membranes
intercellular junctions
what are the types of intercellular junctions? describe them
-tight junction: membranes converge and fuse
-demosome: rivets skin cells, enabling them to form reinforced structural unit
-gap junctions: tubular channels between cells
where can tight junctions be found? desmosome? gap junction?
-digestive tract and blood vessel in brain
-outer skin cells
-heart muscle, muscle digestive tract
what are the 4 major types of of tissues?
-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous
describe the simple characteristics of epithelial tissues
-cover all free body surfaces, forms inner lining of body cavities, lines hollow organs, and major tissue of glans
-the protect, secret, absorb, and excrete
-free surface on outside (apical) and basement membrane on inside
-cells readily divide and heal injuries
epithelial tissue are classified layer and shape, list these
-simple (one layer), stratified (2 or more layer), pseudestratified (appears layered, but is not)
-squamous (flat), cubodial (cube shaped), columnar (tall)
describe simple squamous epithelium by description, function, location
-single layered, flattened
-filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
-air sac of lung, walls of capillaries, lining of blood and lymph vessels, lining body cavities, covering viscera
describe simple cubodial epithelium by description, function, location
-single layered, cube shaped cells
-protection, secretion, absorption
-surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubes, linings of ducts of certain glands
describe simple columnar epithelium by description, function, location
-single layered, elongated cells
-protection, secretion, absorption
-linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines
describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium by description, function, location
-single layered, elongated cells
-secretion, protection, movement of mucus and substances
-linings of respiratory passages
describe stratified squamous epithelium by description, function, location
-many layers, top cells flattened
-protection
-superficial portions of skin and linings of oral cavity, vagina, and anal cavity
describe stratified cuboidal epithelium by description, function, location
-2 or 3 layers, cube shaped cells
-protection
-linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas
describe stratified columnar epithelium by description, function, location
-top layer elongated, lower layer cube shaped cells
-protection, secretion
-parts of male urethra and linings of larger ducts of excretory glands
describe transitional epithelium by description, function, location
-many layers of cube shaped and elongated cells
-distensibility and protection
-inner linings of urinary bladder and lings of uterers and urethra
what are glandular epithelium composed of? where are they found? how are they classified?a
-specialized cells to secrete substances found within columnar or cubodial epithelium
-exocrine (secrete into ducts) and endocrine (secrete into tissue or blood)
how are exocrine glands classified according to organization of cells?
-simple: doesn’t branch, communicates by duct
-compound: duct branches before it reaches secretory portion
-tubular: compound, consist of epithelial lined tubes
-alveolar: compound, terminal portions form sac-like dilation
how are exocrine glands classified according to the composition of their secretion?
-merocrine glands: secrete fluid by exocytosis (salivary and sweat glands, pancreases)
-apocrine glands: lose small part of cells during secretion (mammary and ceruminous glans)
-holocrine glands: release entire cells filled with secretions
define serous fluid. define mucus
-a substance that is watery and slippery (associated with visceral and parietal membranes)
-a thicker, protective fluid lining the inner portions of different systems (rich in glycoprotein mucin)
most exocrine cells are __ and can be sub classified based on their own secretion of ___ or ___
-merocrine gland
-serous fluid
-mucus
provide a description of areolar connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in fluid gel matrix
-binds organs
-beneath the skin, surrounds organs
provide a description of adipose connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in fluid gel matrix
-protects, insulates, and stores fat
-beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart
-also known as fat
provide a description of reticular connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in fluid-gel matrix
-supports
-walls of liver and spleen
provide a description of dense regular connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in fluid-gel matrix
-binds body parts
-tendons, ligaments
provide a description of dense irregular connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in fluid gel matrix
-sustain tissue tension
-dermis
provide a description of elastic connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in fluid-gel matrix
-provides elastic quality
-connecting parts of the spinal column, in walls of arteries and airways
provide a description of hyaline cartilage connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in solid-gel matrix
-supports, protects, provides framework
-ends of bones, nose and rings in walls of respiratory
provide a description of elastic cartilage connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in solid-gel matrix
-supports, protects, provides flexible framework
-framework of external ear and part of larynx
provide a description of fibrocartilage cartilage connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in solid gel matrix
-supports, protects, absorbs shock
-between bony parts of spinal cord, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
provide a description of bone connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells in solid matrix
-supports, protects, provides framework
-bones of skeleton, middle ear
provide a description of blood connective tissue by listing description, function, and location
-cells and platelets in fluid matrix
-transports gases, defends against disease, clotting
-throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
what are the functions of connective tissues? (9)
-connects
-supports
-protects
-provides framework
-fill spaces
-stores fat
-produces blood cells
-protects against infection
-help repair damaged tissues
connective tissue cells usually have considerable __ __ between them. this consist of …
-extracellular matrix
-fibers and a ground substance (could be solid to semi solid)
what are the general characteristics of connective tissues?
-loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues are flexible; bone and cartilage are rigid
-most abundant tissue type
-most have goof blood supply
-most can divide
some connective tissues are ___ cells (reside in specific tissue type). others are ___ cells (move through and are in tissues temporarily)
-fixed
-wandering
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “fibroblast”
-widely distributed, large, star shaped cells
-secrete proteins that become fibers
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “macrophages”
-motile cell sometimes attached to fibers
-clear foreign particles from tissues by phagocytosis
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “mast cells”
-large cells, usually located near blood vessels
-release substances that may help prevent blood clotting (heparin) and promote inflammation (histamine)
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “collagen fibers” (white fibers)
-thick, threadlike fibers or collagen with great tensile strength
-holds structures together
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “elastic fibers” (yellow fibers)
-bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin
-provide elastic quality to parts that stretch
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “reticular fibers”
-thin fibers of collagen
-form delicate supportive networks within tissues
describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. “ground substance”
-nonfibrous protein and other molecule, and varying amounts of fluid
-fills in spaces around cells and fiber
connective tissue proper include loose connective tissues and dense connective tissue. list the sub categories for each of these
-loose: areolar, adipose, reticular
-dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
-specialized tissues include cartilage, bone, and blood
many epithelial membranes are thin structures that are composed of epithlium and underlying connective tissue. what are the 3 major types of these membranes
-serous membrane
-mucus membrane
-cutaneous membrane
describe serous membrane
lines body cavities that don’t open to the outside and reduce friction between organs and cavity walls
describe mucus membrane
lines the cavities and tubes that open to the outside
describe cutaneous membrane
is part of the interrogatory system, covers body surface; skin
describe synovial membrane
entirely composed of connective tissue, lines joints
what are the general characteristics of muscle tissues? what are the 3 types
-they contract and moving structures attach to it
-skeletal, smooth cardiac
describe skeletal muscle tissues
-usually attach to bones
-controlled by voluntary actions
-long and thread like, contain many nuclei, have striations, long cylindral
-contracts when stimulated by never cell
describe smooth muscle tissues
-spindle shaped cells, one central nucleus, not striated
-in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
-involuntarily controlled
describe cardiac muscle tissues
-only found in the heart
-striated cells, with single nucleus, joined by intercalated disc and form branches
-involuntarily controlled
-pump blood
nervous tissue is found in the … (3)
-brain
-spinal cord
-peripheral nerves
what are the main cells in nervous tissues? what do they do? what are the supporting cells in nervous tissues?
-neurons
-coordinate, regulate, and integrate body activities
-neuroglia
