Ch5 - The Human Body Flashcards
Pathophysiology
The study of the body functions of a living organism in an abnormal states such as disease
Anatomic position
the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Frontal or coronal plane
Front and back portions of the body
Transverse (axial) plane
top and bottom portion of the body
Saggital (lateral) plane
Left and right portion of the body
Midsaggital plane (midline)
A special type of sagittal plane where the body is cut in half leaving equal left and right halves
Superior
the portion nearer to the head from a specific reference point
Inferior
Nearer to the feet
Lateral (outer)
Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline
Medial (inner)
Parts that like closer to the midline
Proximal
Proximal describe structures that are closer to the trunk
Distal
Distal describes structures that are farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity
Superficial
Superficial means closer to or on the skin
Deep
Deep means farther inside the body and away from the skin
Anterior (ventral)
Anterior refers to the belly side of the body another term for anterior is ventral
Posterior (dorsal)
Posterior refers to the spinal side of the body including the back of the hand
Palmar
Front region of the hand is referred to as the palm surface
Plantar
The bottom of the foot is referred to as the plantar surface
Apex
The Apex (the plural is apices) is the tip of the structure
Flexion
Flexion is moving the distal point of an extremity towards the trunk
Extension
Extension is the motion associated with the return of a body part from a flexed position to the anatomic position
Hyperflexion
Hyperflexion refers to a body part that was flexed to the maximum level or even beyond the normal range of motion
Hyper extension
Hyper extension refers to a body part that was extended to the maximum level or even beyond the normal range of motion
Supination
Turning the palms upwards towards the sky
Pronation
Turning the palms downwards toward the ground
Trendelenburg position
Placing the patient in a supine position on an incline with their feet higher than their head to keep blood in the core of the body. Trendelenburg position is a position in which the patient is on a backboard or stretcher with the feet 6” to 12” higher than the head
Shock position (modified trendelenburg’s position)
The head and torso are supine, and the extremities are elevated 6” to 12” to help increase blood flow to the brain
Fowlers position
Semireclining position with the head elevated to help pt breathe easier and to control the airway. A patient who is sitting up with the knees bent is therefore said to be in Fowler’s position
Recovery position
In this position, the patient is lying on his or her side and the bottom arm is extended straight with the head lying on it. The top knee is bent, angling the patient’s body slightly toward the floor.
Tendons
Tendons are specialized tough chords or bands of dense white connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
Ligaments
Ligaments are tough white bands of tissue that connect bones to each other
Cartilage
Cushion between bones, cartilage is lubricated by a transparent viscous (thick) joint fluid (synovial fluid)
Epiphyses
The elongation of the bone at the end
Symphysis
Some joints have slight limited motion in which the bone ends are held to gather by fibrous tissue. Such a joint is called symphysis
Synovial membrane
On the inner lining of the joint capsule is the synovial membrane. The special tissue makes it big lubricant called synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid
This oil allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other as opposed to rubbing and grating over each other. Synovial fluid contains white blood cells to fight infections and provides nourishment to the cartilage covering the bone
