ch.5 LOGIC OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS Flashcards
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
A statement that relates relates two groups, terms. sets, or classes by way of intersection or non intersection.
This results in four basic propositions that contain four basic parts: a quantifier, a subject, a copula and a predicate.
SET
What are the 4 basic ways a set can intersect with another?
1) it completely intersects;
2) it does not intersect at all;
3) some of the first set intersects with the second;
4) some of the first set does not intersect with the other at all.
CLASS
Categorical propositions can relate two of these by way of intersection or non-intersection.
When terms are used as plural nouns, it can easily capture the idea that they represent a ______.
TERM
Two of these are joined in logical matrimony by a copula.
It is helpful if used as plural nouns, to easily capture the idea that they represent classes of things.
They can be subjects (S) or predicates (P).
CATEGORY
What are the 4 standard categorical propositions?
A ~~~ All S are P
E ~~~ No S are P
I ~~~ Some S are P
O ~~~ Some S are not P
QUANTIFIER
Each proposition has this as “all” or “every”, “no” or “some”
- It quantifies what comes after “at” –i.e., it tells you how much of what is quantified intersects with the other thing.
- Recall that these are general propositions, or categorical propositions, so it is just the basic relations of classes that interest us.
- Between the “no” or “all” there is only “some,” not four, or five, or eight and a half.
- The “some” means at least one (but not necessarily more than one!)
COPULA
Each proposition has this as the plural forms of the verb “to be” —> “are” or “are not”
- It joins two terms in logical matrimony.
SUBJECT
These terms are identified by position.
The ______ term comes after the quantifier, but before the copula.
They can stand for anything that gets put in those positions.
PREDICATE
These terms are identified by position.
The ______ term comes after the copula.
They can stand for anything that gets put in those positions.
QUANTITY
5.3
UNIVERSAL
5.3
PARTICULAR
5.3
QUALITY
5.3
AFFIRMATIVE
5.3
NEGATIVE
5.3
DISTRIBUTION
5.3
“VENN DIAGRAM”
5.3
SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
5.4
CONTRADICTORIES
5.4
“BOOLEAN (MODERN) SQUARE OF OPPOSITION”
5.4
IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
5.4
EXISTENTIAL IMPORT
5.4
“ARISTOTELIAN (TRADITIONAL) SQUARE OF OPPOSITION”
5.4
CONTRARY
5.4
ILLICIT CONTRARY
5.4
SUBCONTRARY
5.4
ILLICIT SUBCONTRARY
5.4
SUBALTERNATION
5.4
ILLICIT SUBALTERNATION
5.4
LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE
5.5
CONVERSION
5.5
FORMAL FALLACY
5.5
ILLICIT CONVERSION
5.5
OBVERSION
5.5
TERM COMPLEMENT
5.5
CONTRAPOSITION
5.5
ILLICIT CONTRAPOSITION
5.5
