ch.5 LOGIC OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS Flashcards
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
A statement that relates relates two groups, terms. sets, or classes by way of intersection or non intersection.
This results in four basic propositions that contain four basic parts: a quantifier, a subject, a copula and a predicate.
SET
What are the 4 basic ways a set can intersect with another?
1) it completely intersects;
2) it does not intersect at all;
3) some of the first set intersects with the second;
4) some of the first set does not intersect with the other at all.
CLASS
Categorical propositions can relate two of these by way of intersection or non-intersection.
When terms are used as plural nouns, it can easily capture the idea that they represent a ______.
TERM
Two of these are joined in logical matrimony by a copula.
It is helpful if used as plural nouns, to easily capture the idea that they represent classes of things.
They can be subjects (S) or predicates (P).
CATEGORY
What are the 4 standard categorical propositions?
A ~~~ All S are P
E ~~~ No S are P
I ~~~ Some S are P
O ~~~ Some S are not P
QUANTIFIER
Each proposition has this as “all” or “every”, “no” or “some”
- It quantifies what comes after “at” –i.e., it tells you how much of what is quantified intersects with the other thing.
- Recall that these are general propositions, or categorical propositions, so it is just the basic relations of classes that interest us.
- Between the “no” or “all” there is only “some,” not four, or five, or eight and a half.
- The “some” means at least one (but not necessarily more than one!)
COPULA
Each proposition has this as the plural forms of the verb “to be” —> “are” or “are not”
- It joins two terms in logical matrimony.
SUBJECT
These terms are identified by position.
The ______ term comes after the quantifier, but before the copula.
They can stand for anything that gets put in those positions.
PREDICATE
These terms are identified by position.
The ______ term comes after the copula.
They can stand for anything that gets put in those positions.
QUANTITY
5.3
UNIVERSAL
5.3
PARTICULAR
5.3
QUALITY
5.3
AFFIRMATIVE
5.3
NEGATIVE
5.3
