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soc 225 > ch5 > Flashcards

ch5 Flashcards

1
Q

psych and bio theories of criminal behaviour share the assumption that behaviour is caused by underlying _ or _ condition that separates the _ from the _

A

physical, mental, criminal, non-criminal

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2
Q

_ and _ theories seek to identify the kind of person who becomes a _ and find factors that causes them to engage in _ _

A

bio, psych, criminal, criminal behaviour

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3
Q

t/f bio and psych theories give insight into individual cases

A

t

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4
Q

what do bio and psych theories not provide insight for (4)

A

varying neighbourhood crime rates, group to group, large urban areas, within groups of individuals

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5
Q

3 categories of soc categories

A

strain, cultural deviance, social control

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6
Q

strain and cultural deviance theories formulated between _ and _

A

1925-45

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7
Q

_ and _ theories laid foundation for subcultural theories

A

strain, cultural deviance

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8
Q

strain and cultural deviance theories laid foundation for _ theories

A

subcultural

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9
Q

_ theories based on assumption that motivation to commit crime is part of human nature

A

social control

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10
Q

social control theories based on assumption that _ to commit crime is part of _ _

A

motivation, human nature

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11
Q

social control theories seek to discover why people _ commit crime
examine the ability of _ and _ to make their rules effective

A

do not
social groups, institutions

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12
Q

strain and cultural dev theories assume _ _ and _ _ are related but differ about _ of relationship

A

social class, criminal behaviour, nature

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13
Q

strain theory: _ theory positing that a gap between culturally approved _ and legitimate means of _ them causes frustration that leads to _ behaviour

A

criminological, goals, achieving, criminal

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14
Q

criminological theory positing that a gap between culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving them causes frustration that leads to criminal behaviour

A

strain theory

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15
Q

t/f strain theory argues all members of society subscribe to one set of cultural values

A

t

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16
Q

what cultural values do all members of society subscribe to according to strain theory

A

middle class values

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17
Q

one of the most important middle class values

A

economic success

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18
Q

t/f society structured in a way to restrict access legit means of achieving middle class goals

A

t

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19
Q

ppl turn to illegitimate means to reach middle class goal because

A

they don’t have access to legitimate means

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20
Q

one way of studying society is to look at its component parts and find out how they _ to one another

A

relate

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21
Q

emile durkheim developed _ perspective at end of _ century

A

structural-functionalist, 19th

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22
Q

structural-functionalist perspective developed by

A

emile durkheim

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23
Q

what theories were dominant at end of 19th century

A

positivist biological theories

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24
Q

positivist biological theories relied on what

A

search for individual differences between criminals and non-criminals

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25
Q

when science was searching for _ of the criminal durkheim was writing about _ of crime in society

A

abnormality, normality

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26
Q

durkheim thought explanation of human conduct and misconduct lied not in _ but in _ and _ organization

A

individual, group and social

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27
Q

anomie

A

breakdown of social order as a result of loss of clear societal norms and values

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28
Q

breakdown of social order as a result of loss of clear societal norms and values

A

anomie

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29
Q

who created term anomie

A

durkheim

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30
Q

when norms breakdown people feel _ in choices they have to make

A

unguided

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31
Q

_ leads to breakdown of society and increase and deviance and _

A

normlessness, crime

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32
Q

structural functionalism accepts that a certain amount of _ and _ is normal

A

deviance, crime

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33
Q

deviance and crime are necessary to define boundaries of _ behaviour

A

acceptable

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34
Q

t/f even in society of saints there would be an odd saint who violates the code for behaviour

A

t

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35
Q

t/f: according to structural functionalists deviance is functional to the group

A

t

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36
Q

punishments of deviants and criminals confirm _ _ or society and reaffirm correctness of conventional _ and _

A

moral boundaries, norms, values

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37
Q

durkheim argued that in deviance and crime are the seeds of _ _

A

social change

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38
Q

too much conformity = society would too easily congeal into _ form

A

immutable

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39
Q

t/f durkheim thought too much deviance bad but society needs to maintain healthy balance between deviants and conformists

A

t

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40
Q

dukrheim illustrated anomie through

A

suicide

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41
Q

in context of suicide durkheim used anomie to refer to personal _ and _when predictable societal conditions breakdown

A

personal loss and despair

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42
Q

who was interested in anomic suicide

A

durkheim

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43
Q

durkheim found that suicide rates _ during times of sudden _ change

A

increased, economic

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44
Q

t/f sudden economic change includes times of despair and prosperity

A

t

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45
Q

towards end of july, august, and september 1929 stock market _ and people made lots of _

A

soared, profits

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46
Q

stock market crashed on _

A

black tuesday (oct 24, 1929)

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47
Q

suicides increase during sudden prosperity because of _ _ in _

A

sudden change, expectations

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48
Q

durkheim argued that since natures doesn’t set strict _ limits on capabilities of humanity like other animals, we have _ rules that put realistic cap on aspirations

A

biological, social

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49
Q

social rules and regulations incorporated into _ _ and makes it possible for people to feel _

A

individual conscience, fulfilled

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50
Q

merton also related crime problem to

A

anomie

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51
Q

merton argued that real problem is not created by sudden social _ but by social structure that enforces same _ without giving _ means to achieve them

A

change, goals, equal

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52
Q

merton called it _ _ because social structure was root of the problem

A

structural explanation

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53
Q

merton called it structural explanation because _ _ was root of the problem

A

social structure

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54
Q

contemporary criminologists named merton’s theory _ _

A

strain theory

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55
Q

strain theory assumes that _ - _ people will commit crime when under great _

A

law-abiding, pressure

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56
Q

people that are socialized to believe they can achieve wealth and success experience anomie or _ when they realize they lack the legitimate means to _ these goals

A

strain, achieve

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57
Q

disparity between _ and _ = pressure

A

goals, means

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58
Q

t/f: merton thought in class oriented society opportunities to get to top weren’t equally distributed

A

t

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59
Q

t/f few members of lower class got to top in class oriented society

A

t

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60
Q

merton’s anomie theory emphasize 2 things
1. _ aspirations
2. _ means

A

cultural
institutionalized

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61
Q

cultural aspirations aka _ that people think are worth striving for

A

goals

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62
Q

insitutionalized means aka _ ways to attain _ ends

A

accepted, desired

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63
Q

cultural aspirations and institutionalized means are _ - _ in _ society

A

well-integrated, stable

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64
Q

t/f: disparity between goals and means foster frustration and lead to strain

A

t

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65
Q

merton’s theory focuses on the _

A

criminogenic

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66
Q

criminogenic

A

crime-producing, nature of interaction between social and socialization process

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67
Q

crime-producing, nature of interaction between social and socialization process

A

criminogenic

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68
Q

strain theories are _ - based theories

A

consensus

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69
Q

consensus-based theories

A

assume society-wide general agreement on definition of behaviors as criminal

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70
Q

_ theories assume little consensus

A

conflict

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71
Q

conflict theories assume little consensus and focus attention on how

A

some groups can influence the definition of behaviors as criminal

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72
Q

merton’s theories explains crime in canada in terms of wide disparities in _ among various _

A

income, classes

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73
Q

t/f rich getting richer, poor getting poorer and pandemic will exacerbate this trend

A

t

74
Q

top 20 controls _% of wealth, boottom 20% are in _

A

68, debt

75
Q

t/f indigenous in canada and australia both struggle with strain and anomie

A

t

76
Q

gradual civilization act of 1857 led to government funding of _ _

A

residential school s

77
Q

t/f in 1920 attendance of residential schools became mandatory

A

t

78
Q

children in australia were taken from families and placed in _ schools to be trained in _ labor

A

industrial, manual

79
Q

bronfman - founder of seagram and whisky magnate; explain rise to success

A

son of poor farmer, found out that bar makes more profits so they should sell drinks; empire flourished during prohibition because they were major liquor supplier to american bootleggers

80
Q

t/f hockey players are eg of extraordinary payoff for hard work and talent

A

t

81
Q

t/f merton made it clear that high rate of deviance can’t be explained just on lack of means

A

t

82
Q

merton’s 5 ways in which people adapt/adjust to society’s goals or means (CIRRR)

A

conformity, retreatism, innovation, ritualism, rebellion

83
Q

most common goal of adjustment

A

conformity

84
Q

individuals accept culturally defined goals and prescribed means for achieving the goals

A

conformity

85
Q

accept society’s goals but design own means of getting ahead because there’s few legitimate means of achieving them

A

innovatioon

86
Q

burglary, robbery, embezzlement are eg of

A

innovation

87
Q

t/f innovatin restricted to lower class

A

f

88
Q

stock manipulaiton, sale of defective products, income tax evasion

A

innovation

89
Q

abandon the goals they once thought were within reach and resign themselves to present lifestyles that can be very repetitive

A

ritualism

90
Q

give up goals and means and retreat into drug addictions and alcoholism for a nonproductive and non striving lifestyle

A

retreatism

91
Q

t/f retreatists become addicts or followers of occult religions

A

t

91
Q

when both cultural goals and legitimate means are rejected and people substitute their own goals and means

A

rebellion

92
Q

rebellers have an alt scheme for a new _ structure

A

social

93
Q

passas argue that anomie theorists base their arguments on _ of crime rather than _ behaviour

A

rates, individual

94
Q

t/f critique: strain theory focuses tooo much on lower levels of ses and not enough on middle and upper class

A

t

95
Q

is rate of female offending significantly lower than males

A

t

96
Q

cloward and ohlin’s differential opportunity: formation of delinquent groups based on _ and _ access to both legit and illegit means

A

differential and unequal

97
Q

t/f in illegit world indigenous gangs still find it hard to have long term success

A

t

98
Q

strain theory dominated delinquincy research durings _ and _

A

50s, 60s

99
Q

during 70s delinquincy was related to individual’s loss of _ to social _

A

attachment, insitutions

100
Q

t/f during 80s and onwards there’s been a surge in strain concepts

A

t

101
Q

messner and richard agree with merton that _ _ goal is pervasive in american dream

A

material success

102
Q

t/f us dream: succeed by any means even if its illegitimate

A

t

103
Q

messner and rosenfeld thought high crime also result from social institutions lacking capacity to _ behaviour

A

control

104
Q

messner and rosenfeld: dominance of econ insitutions manifests in three ways
1. _ of _ roles and functions
2. accommodation of other institutions to _ needs
3. _ of economic norms

A

devaluation, non-economic
economic
penetration

105
Q

messner and rosenfeld: as long as there’s disproportionate emphasis on _ rewards, crime problem will _

A

monetary, increase

106
Q

hackler: ‘lost wallet’ with money and owner’s name; in norway and denmark xx walletst were returned

A

100%

107
Q

adler: economic concerns haven’t devalued informal social control institutions (family, community or religion), crime rates _ and _
is this for non-industrialized and highly industrialized countries?

A

low and stable
yes

108
Q

agnew revised _ theory to make it more broadly explain criminal behaviour

A

mertin

109
Q

agnew’s theory

A

general strain theory

110
Q

criminal behaviour can result from strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals, stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual, or strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli.

A

general strain theory

111
Q

agnew used his theory to primarily explain delinquincies and criminal behaviours in

A

adolescents

112
Q

agnew’s theory focuses more on _

A

emotions (negative)

113
Q

agnew: strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals can explain behaviours in _ and _ class as well

A

middle, upper

114
Q

agnew: each type of strain increases individual’s feelings of _ _ or _ (AFD_

A

anger, fear, depression

115
Q

most critical rxn for gen strain theory is _ which increases desire for _ and stimulates person to action

A

anger, revenge

116
Q

agnew: t/f not all ppl who experience strain become criminals

A

t

117
Q

agnew: doesn’t make it to hs is eg of

A

Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals.

118
Q

agnew - get dumped is eg of

A

Strain caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual.

119
Q

agnew - physical abuse is eg oof

A

Strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli.

120
Q

policy informed by strain theory in regent park: _ to _ program

A

pathways to education program

121
Q

pathways to education program offers
1. _ support to students
2> _ support to individual and group development and _ mentoring
3. _ support through bus tickets tied with attendance and _ for uni
4. _ / _ workers help students and parents stay engaged with uni

A

academic
mentor, career
financial, bursaries
parent/student

122
Q

cohen’s approach draws on importance of social _ and _ concepts

A

strain, (sub)cultural

123
Q

cohen came up with

A

status deprivation

124
Q

cohen - delinquent subcultures emerge from _ areas of large cities

A

slum

125
Q

cohen - relative position of kid’s family in _ _ determines problems kid will face in life

A

social structure

126
Q

Evaluation standards used in schools that emphasize middle-class values such as self-reliance, good manners, respect for property, and long-range planning.

A

middle class measuring rod

127
Q

middle class measuring rod part of who’s theory

A

cohen

128
Q

t/f lower class kids will fall short of standards to compete successfully with middle class kids according to middle class measuring rod

A

t

129
Q

cohen says deprived of status according to middle class standards they experience _ _ and strain

A

status frustration

130
Q

lower class won’t meet middle class standards and will adopt 1/3 roles

A

corner boy college boy, delinquint boy

131
Q

cohen’s strain focused on _ class and at _

A

lower, school

132
Q

make the best out of bad situations

A

corner boys

133
Q

strive to live up to middle class standards but chances are limited because of academics and social handicaps

A

college boys

134
Q

form subculture where they can define status in ways that are attainable to them

A

delinquent boys

135
Q

cohen - even though lower class youth set up their own _ they still internalized norms of _ class and feel _ when they go against them

A

norms, dominant, anxious

136
Q

delinquent boys deal with conflilct by resorting to

A

rxn formation

137
Q

An individual response to anxiety in which the person reacts to a stimulus with abnormal intensity or inappropriate conduct

A

rnx formation

138
Q

t/f delinquent boys’ delinquent acts serve no purpose

A

t

139
Q

t/f many lower class boys do poorly because teachers expect them to do worse than middle class boyos

A

t

140
Q

t.f family poverty predicted academic failure and extreme delinquincy but not minor self reported delinquency

A

t

141
Q

persistent or intermittent poverty has more negative effects

A

intermittent

142
Q

cohen’s theoroy doesn’t explain why most delinquent eventually become _ - _ citizens
doesn’t account for increasing # of _ class gangs

A

law abiding
middle

143
Q

_ conversion: importance of alllies

A

mutual

144
Q

measuring rod policy option

A

redefine what success is

145
Q

does status deprivation take gender into account

A

no

146
Q

cloward and ohlin’s theory

A

differential opportunity theory

147
Q

cloward and ohlin: combines _, _, and _ for differential opportunity theory

A

strain, differential association, social disorganization

148
Q

cohen - delinquent acts are negative and _ - _

A

noon-utilitarian

149
Q

cloward and ohlin: lower class delilnquents remain _ oriented

A

goal

150
Q

theory that attempts to join the concept of anomie and differential association by analyzing both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures available to individuals. It posits that illegitimate opportunities, like legitimate opportunities, are unequally distributed.

A

differential opportunity theory

151
Q

cloward and ohlin: Delinquent subcultures flourish in lower-class areas because opportunities for illegitimate and conventional success are _ lacking.

A

equally

152
Q

close connection of illegitimate and legitimate business _ gangs emerge

older criminals = _ models

A

criminal
role

153
Q

cloward and ohlin: neighborhoods characterized by _ and _ that offer few _ to get ahead in organized criminal activities giving rise to _ gangs

A

transience and instability, opportunities, conflict

154
Q

gangs that have reputation for toughness and destructive violence

A

conflict gangs

155
Q

how to gain status in conflict gangs

A

violence

156
Q

conflict gangs emerge in lower class areas where neither _ or _ adult role models exercise control over youngers

A

criminal, conventional

157
Q

gangs where individuals haven’t been successful in legitimate or illegetimate world

A

retreatist gangs

158
Q

gang subculture characterized by getting high, atypical sexual experiences

A

retreatist gangs

159
Q

hirshi: kids who stick to hard work and education are _ likely to become delinquent, regardless of their chances of reaching their goals

A

lest

160
Q

hagedorn: most male gang members were trying to find _ work even though they were making more $ in drug sales

A

licit

161
Q

t/f both gang and non gang boys believe in middle class values

A

t

162
Q

t/f gang boys readier to approve of wide range of behaviours and drug use

A

t

163
Q

hagan + mccarthy in toronto + van: negative home situations lead boys to turn to _ while youth from functioning families do _ in school and find _ employment

A

streets, well, legitimate

164
Q

chin ny chinese gangs: EAsHP

A

extortion, alien smuggling, heroin trafficking, prostitution

165
Q

indigenous gangs are a response to lack of _ and _ opportunities

A

legitimate, illegitimate

166
Q

t/f gangs also involved in robberies, joyriding, assault, stealing and drug sales

A

t

167
Q

counting # gang involved ppl hard because changes in _, reporting _, and recording _

A

awareness, behaviours x2

168
Q

has any national survey on gang involvement been conducted in canada yet

A

no

169
Q

t/f lots of gang hopping and switching occurs in indigenous prairie gangs

A

t

170
Q

in toronto at least _ gangs tied to organized crime

A

25

171
Q

collab with organized crime groups highested with respect to _ trafficking, _ and _ theft

A

drug, extortiono/intimmidation, auto

172
Q

_ in us are social, econ, political and cultural units

A

chinatowns

173
Q

main criticism of differential opportunity theory: _ oriented

A

class

174
Q

differential opporunity theroy id’d some of the reasons _ class might be alienated

A

lower

175
Q

policy for strain theories: ontario rental housing tribunal, Ontario public service, and ontario science centre = ways to _ gap between _ goals and _ means of achieving them

in AB and ON, _ corps are similar programs

A

reduce, cultural, institutionalized
job

176
Q

t/f modest support suggesting people with mental disorders might have relationship with violence

A

t

177
Q

t/f focusing on mental health means other possible contributing factors are underresearched

A

t

178
Q

link: people with mental disorders experience more strains in life than other people and this explains _

A

violence

179
Q

t/f strains and stressors associated with violence using GST

A

T

soc 225 (1 decks)

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