Ch43 Neuro Fxn Flashcards
Name the 3 structures of the Brainstem and the function of each.
1) Midbrain - Motor coordination, visual reflex and auditory relay center.
2) Pons - Regulates respiration (breathing)
3) Medulla Oblongata - Controls HR, respiration, blood vessel diameter, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, and coughing.
What are the 4 lobes of he Cerebral Cortex and which functions are each responsible for?
1) Frontal Lobe - Broca’s area for speech, morals, emotions, reasoning and judgement, concentration, memory, and abstract thought.
2) Parietal Lobe - Taste, pain, touch, temp, pressure, spatial perception.
3) Temporal Lobe - Hearing, Wernicke’s area for speech, and long term memory.
4) Occipital Lobe - Vision
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates smooth muscle movement, posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone.
What is Stereogenesis and in which lobe of the brain is this sense processed?
Stereogenesis - The ability to perceive an object using the sense of touch (processed in the parietal lobe).
What is the normal for CSF pressure?
10 to 15 mmHg. Pressures greater than 20 mmHg indicate increased ICP.
Define Rhinorrhea and Otorrhea.
1) Rhinorrhea - Leakage of CSF fluid via the nose as a result in the Cribriform plates of the Anterior Cranial Fossa.
2) Otorrhea - Leakage of CSF fluid via the ears as a result of fractures in the Basilar Skull.
Besides Rhinorrhea and Otorrhea, which two other signs are the result of a skull fracture and CSF leakage?
1) Raccoon Eyes - Bruising around the eyes.
2) Battle Sign - Ecchymosis of the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
List the first 3 Cranial Nerves, their type (sensory, motor or both) and the function they perform.
1) Cranial Nerve I/Olfactory (Sensory) - Smell
2) Cranial Nerve II/Optic (Sensory) - Visual Acuity
3) Cranial Nerve III/Oculomotor (Motor) - Eyelid elevation, pupillary constriction, and all eye movements except down and inward (trochlear); and lateral (abducens).
List Cranial Nerves 4 through 6, their type (sensory, motor or both) and the function they perform.
4) Cranial Nerve IV/Trochlear (Motor) - Moves eye down and inward.
5) Cranial Nerve V/Trigeminal (Both) - Facial sensation, corneal reflex, and chewing.
6) Cranial Nerve VI/Abducens (Motor) - Moves eye laterally.
List Cranial Nerves 7 through 9, their type (sensory, motor or both) and the function they perform.
7) Cranial Nerve VII/Facial (Both) - Facial symmetry smiling, raising eyebrows, puffs out cheeks and keeps eyes and lips closed while you try to open them.
8) Cranial Nerve VII/Acoustic (Sensory) - Hearing
9) Cranial Nerve IX/Glossopharyngeal (Both) - Control of the pharynx and tongue and swallowing.
List Cranial Nerves 10 through 12, their type (sensory, motor or both) and the function they perform.
10) Cranial Nerve X/Vagus (Both) - Controls gag reflex, voice quality (hoarseness or nasal quality) and swallowing.
11) Cranial Nerve XI/Acessory Spinal (Motor) - Shrugs shoulders, turns head from side to side and controls symmetry of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
12) Cranial Nerve XII/Hypoglossal (Motor) - Tongue strength
Identify the Cranial Nerve responsible for the following dysfunctions:
1) Tongue Weakness
2) Slurred speech
3) Dysphagia
4) Ptosis
5) Double Vision
6) Absence of Nasolabial folds and ⬇ tasting
1) Tongue Weakness - CN XII (Hypoglossal)
2) Slurred speech - CN X (Vagus)
3) Dysphagia - CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
4) Ptosis - CN III (Oculomotor)
5) Double Vision - CN VI (Abducens)
6) Absence of Nasolabial folds and ⬇ tasting - CN VII (Facial)
What are the Sympathetic Effects of the following anatomical structures and functions:
1) Peristalsis
2) Muscular sphincters of digestive tube
3) Salivary secretions
4) Digestive secretions
5) Conversion of Glycogen to Glucose
1) Peristalsis - ⬇
2) Muscular sphincters of digestive tube - Contracted
3) Salivary secretions - Thickens
4) Digestive secretions - ⬇
5) Conversion of Glycogen to Glucose - ⬆
What are the Sympathetic Effects of the following anatomical structures and functions:
1) Bladder muscles
2) Urinary sphincter
3) Uterine muscles
4) Sweat secretion
5) Pilomotor muscles
6) Blood Vessels of the External genitalia muscles
1) Bladder muscles - Relax
2) Urinary sphincter - Contract
3) Uterine muscles - Contract
4) Sweat secretion - ⬆
5) Pilomotor muscles - Contracted
6) Blood Vessels of the External genitalia muscles - Dilate
Differentiate between Upper Motor Neurons and Lower Motor Neurons.
1) Upper Motor Neurons originate in either the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, or Brainstem where the cross over and descend throughout the spinal tract. Their fibers are located only in the CNS and modulate activity of the lower motor neurons.
2) Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) are located in either the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter or within the cranial nerve nuclei in the Brainstem. Axons of the LMNs extend through peripheral nerves and terminate in skeletal muscles. LMNs are located in both the CNS and PNS.
Describe the 4 Clinical Features of Lesions in the Upper and Lower Motor Neurons.
UPPER MOTOR NEURONS 1) Loss of voluntary control 2) Increased muscle tone 3) Muscle spasticity 4) No muscle atrophy 5) Hyperactive and abnormal LOWER MOTOR NERONS 1) Loss of voluntary control 2) Decreased muscle tone 3) Muscle flaccidity and paralysis 4) Muscle atrophy 5) Absent of ⬇ reflexes
What are the Sympathetic Effects of the following anatomical structures:
1) Pupils
2) Heartbeat
3) Heart and Skeletal muscle blood vessels
4) Abdominal viscera and skin blood vessels
5) Bronchioles
6) Breathing
1) Pupils - Dilate
2) Heartbeat - ⬆ rate and force of beat
3) Heart and Skeletal muscle blood vessels - Dilated
4) Abdominal viscera and skin blood vessels - Constricted
5) Bronchioles - Dilate
6) Breathing - ⬆ rate
