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RAD 210 > CH.4 Upper Limb > Flashcards

CH.4 Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main groups of bones in the upper limb?

A
  1. Hand and wrist
  2. Forearm
  3. Arm (humerus)
  4. Shoulder girdle
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2
Q

How many bones are there in each hand and wrist?

A

27 bones

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3
Q

What are the three groups of bones in the hand and wrist?

A
  1. Phalanges
  2. Metacarpals
  3. Carpals
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4
Q

How many phalanges are in each hand?

A

14 phalanges

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5
Q

How many metacarpals are in each hand?

A

5 metacarpals

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6
Q

How many carpals are in each wrist?

A

8 carpals

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7
Q

What is the singular form of phalanges?

A

Phalanx

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8
Q

What constitutes the digits?

A

Fingers and thumb

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9
Q

How many phalanges does each finger have?

A

3 phalanges

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10
Q

How many phalanges does the thumb have?

A

2 phalanges

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11
Q

What are the parts of each phalanx?

A
  1. Distal rounded head
  2. Body (shaft)
  3. Expanded base
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12
Q

What do the metacarpals make up in the hand?

A

The palm

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13
Q

How are the metacarpals numbered?

A

The same way as the digits, starting with the thumb as 1

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14
Q

What are the three parts of each metacarpal?

A
  1. Head
  2. Body (shaft)
  3. Base
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15
Q

What is the shape of the anterior part of the metacarpal body?

A

Concave

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16
Q

What is the shape of the posterior part of the metacarpal body?

A

Convex

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17
Q

The base of each metacarpal articulates with which bones?

A

Associated carpals

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18
Q

What is the significance of the joints of the hand in radiology?

A

Small chip fractures may occur near the joint spaces

Accurate identification of all joints of the phalanges and metacarpals is essential for radiographic assessment.

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18
Q

What are the two phalanges of the thumb called?

A

Proximal phalanx and distal phalanx

The joint between the two phalanges is the interphalangeal (IP) joint.

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18
Q

What is the name of the joint between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the thumb?

A

First metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint

The naming convention follows the proximal bone first, then the distal bone.

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19
Q

For radiographic purposes, what must be included in a radiograph of the thumb?

A

The entire first metacarpal from the distal phalanx to the base

This differs from the fingers, which only include three phalanges.

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20
Q

How many phalanges does each of the second through fifth digits have?

A

Three phalanges each

These digits have three joints: DIP, PIP, and MCP.

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21
Q

What are the names of the joints in the second through fifth digits starting from the most distal portion?

A

Distal interphalangeal (DIP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

Each digit has these three joints.

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22
Q

What are the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?

A

Joints where metacarpals articulate with phalanges at their distal ends

They are critical for finger movements.

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23
Q

What are the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints?

A

Joints where metacarpals articulate with carpals at their proximal ends

These joints allow for wrist and hand movements.

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24
Q

Which carpal does the first metacarpal articulate with?

A

Trapezium

This articulation is important for thumb movement.

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25
Q

Which carpal does the second metacarpal articulate with?

A

Trapezoid

This joint contributes to the dexterity of the index finger.

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26
Q

Which carpal does the third metacarpal articulate with?

A

Capitate

This joint is crucial for the stability of the middle finger.

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27
Q

Which carpals do the fourth and fifth metacarpals articulate with?

A

Hamate

This articulation supports the ring and little fingers.

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28
Q

What are the carpals?

A

The bones of the wrist, consisting of eight bones divided into two rows of four each.

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29
Q

What is the first carpal bone in the proximal row?

A

Scaphoid

Sometimes referred to as the navicular.

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30
Q

What is significant about the scaphoid?

A

It is the largest bone in the proximal row and the most frequently fractured carpal bone.

31
Q

What shape is the lunate, and what is its role?

A

Moon-shaped; it articulates with the radius.

32
Q

What distinguishes the triquetrum from other carpals?

A

It has three articular surfaces and a pyramidal shape.

33
Q

Which carpal bone is the smallest?

A

Pisiform

It is located anterior to the triquetrum.

34
Q

What is the first carpal bone in the distal row?

A

Trapezium.

35
Q

What characterizes the trapezium?

A

A four-sided, irregularly shaped bone located medial and distal to the scaphoid.

36
Q

What is the smallest bone in the distal row of carpals?

A

Trapezoid.

37
Q

Which carpal bone is the largest?

38
Q

What feature distinguishes the hamate?

A

The hooklike process called the hamulus.

39
Q

What is the carpal sulcus?

A

A concave area or groove formed by the anterior aspect of the carpals through which major nerves and tendons pass.

40
Q

What does the term ‘hamate’ mean?

41
Q

Fill in the blank: The scaphoid articulates with the _______ proximally.

42
Q

True or False: The pisiform is located posterior to the triquetrum.

43
Q

What is the shape of the scaphoid?

A

Boat-shaped.

44
Q

What are the two rows of carpals?

A

Proximal row and distal row.

45
Q

What are the two bones that make up the forearm?

A

Radius and Ulna

The radius is on the lateral side (thumb side) and the ulna is on the medial side.

46
Q

What joints allow for the rotational movement of the wrist and hand?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint and Distal radioulnar joint

These joints articulate between the radius and ulna.

47
Q

Where are the styloid processes located?

A

At the extreme distal ends of both the radius and ulna

The radial styloid process is on the thumb side.

48
Q

Which styloid process extends more distally?

A

Radial styloid process

It can be palpated on the thumb side of the wrist joint.

49
Q

What is the ulnar notch?

A

A small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius

It allows the head of the ulna to fit into it, forming the distal radioulnar joint.

50
Q

Where is the head of the ulna located?

A

Near the wrist at the distal end of the ulna

It is easily felt and seen on the little finger side of the distal forearm.

51
Q

What is located at the proximal end of the radius?

A

The head of the radius

It is near the elbow joint.

52
Q

What is the body of the radius and ulna referred to as?

A

Shaft

This refers to the long midportion of both bones.

53
Q

Which bone is shorter and directly involved in the wrist joint?

A

Radius

The radius rotates around the more stationary ulna during pronation.

54
Q

What are the two processes of the proximal ulna called?

A

Olecranon and Coronoid processes

The olecranon can be palpated on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint.

55
Q

What is the trochlear notch?

A

A large concave depression that articulates with the distal humerus

It is also known as the semilunar notch.

56
Q

What is the radial notch?

A

A small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna

It articulates with the head of the radius, forming the proximal radioulnar joint.

57
Q

During pronation, what happens to the radius?

A

The radius crosses over the ulna near the upper third of the forearm

This movement occurs at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints.

58
Q

True or False: The ulna is the shorter bone of the forearm.

A

False

The ulna is the longer of the two bones.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The rough oval process on the medial and anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck, is called the _______.

A

Radial tuberosity

This structure is important for muscle attachment.

60
Q

What is the anatomical term for the long center section of the humerus?

A

Body (shaft) of the humerus

61
Q

What is the expanded distal end of the humerus called?

A

Humeral condyle

62
Q

What are the two parts of the articular portion of the humeral condyle?

A
  • Trochlea (medial condyle) * Capitulum (lateral condyle)
63
Q

What does the term ‘trochlea’ mean?

64
Q

Describe the shape and features of the trochlea.

A

Shaped like a pulley or spool with two rimlike outer margins and a smooth depressed center called the trochlear sulcus

65
Q

Where is the trochlea located and with which bone does it articulate?

A

Located more medially and articulates with the ulna

66
Q

What does the term ‘capitulum’ mean?

A

Little head

67
Q

What does the capitulum articulate with?

A

Head of the radius

68
Q

What is the difference in size between the articular surfaces of the capitulum and the trochlea?

A

The capitulum is slightly smaller than the trochlea

69
Q

What are the two epicondyles of the distal humerus?

A
  • Lateral epicondyle * Medial epicondyle
70
Q

Which epicondyle is larger and more prominent?

A

Medial epicondyle

71
Q

What are the names of the two shallow anterior depressions on the distal humerus?

A
  • Coronoid fossa * Radial fossa
72
Q

What is the deep posterior depression of the distal humerus called?

A

Olecranon fossa

73
Q

What fits into the olecranon fossa when the arm is fully extended?

A

Olecranon process of the ulna

74
Q

What are the three concentric arcs used to evaluate a true lateral position of the elbow?

A
  • Trochlear sulcus * Outer ridges of the capitulum and trochlea * Trochlear notch of the ulna
75
Q

True or False: A good criterion for a true lateral elbow position is the appearance of three concentric arcs.

76
Q

What happens to the arcs if the elbow is rotated slightly from a true lateral position?

A

The arcs do not appear symmetrically aligned and the elbow joint space is not as open

RAD 210 (2 decks)

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