ch4 Flashcards
population
•is the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
Current Population Trends
- Amplifies all environmental problems
- Largest increase expected in developing countries (approximately 97%)
- Decreasing in some developed countries
Population change equation
Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Crude birth rate
Crude birth rate = births per 1000 people in population per year
Crude death rate
= deaths per 1000 people in population per year
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
•Number of children a woman has during her lifetime, averaged for population.
same as biotic potential (r)
Replacement Level Fertility
Number of children needed to replace everyone in the population.
•Varies between regions
- 1 with low infant mortality
- 5 with high infant mortality
Zero Population Growth
Birth rate equals death rate.
Sex Ratio-
•Relative number of males and females in a population
Age Distribution
Number of individuals of each age in a population
sex ratio and age distribution
•Together they tell how a population will grow
rapid growth (developing countries)
slow growth (developed countries)
zero growth (developed countries)
Navigation growth (developed countries)
Growth is determined by
teenagers – the population wave of the future.
infant mortality rate comparison between developed and developing countries
Developed: low infant mortality rate
Developing: high infant mortality rate
Several factors determine the impact of a society on natural resources
•Population size
•Population density
Population density is population divided by total land area or water volume, as appropriate.
•Degree of technological development
Demography
Study of populations and their characteristics
environmental impact of population (I)
population (P) x consumption per person (affluence,A) x technological impact per unit of consumption(T)
Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates
- Children in Labor Force
- Cost of raising and educating children
- Availability of pension systems
- Urbanization
- Education and employment for women
- Infant mortality rate
- Average marrying age
- Abortion
- Availability of birth control
•
Major social factor determining family size is the role of women in society.
- Early marriages foster high fertility rates.
- Lack of education opportunities for women reduces their options.
- When level of education increases, fertility rates fall.
- The most important factor is the ability of women to control the size of their family.
- Access to birth control is key.
As countries become industrialized
death rates, then birth rates decline.
Cutting Global Population Growth
- Family planning
- Improve health care
- Elevate the status of women
- Increase education
- Involve men in parenting
- Reduce poverty
- Sustainability
Undesirable Impacts of Urban Sprawl
Loss of crop land, forest land, and wetlands
Fragmenting fish and wildlife habitats
Increased impervious surfaces means more flooding
And soil erosion
And a larger ecological footprint
Urban Land-Use Planning and Control
- Land-use planning
- Property taxes
- Zoning
- Smart growth
- Urban growth boundary
- Greenbelts
