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Science Research and Implications Society > Ch4 > Flashcards

Ch4 Flashcards

1
Q

description of what happens after the gasoline/air vapor mixture ignites

The gasoline/air vapor _ within the piston chamber, causing it to do _

A

description of what happens after the gasoline/air vapor mixture ignites

The gasoline/air vapor expands within the piston chamber, causing it to do work

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2
Q

why sun warms us up

A

During heat radiation, the object absorbs more radiation than it emits, allowing the object to get hotter and hotter

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3
Q

efficiency eqt

A

hot-cold/hot

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4
Q

In a heat engine, the energy from the so-called “hot reservoir” goes where?

A

Into the cold reservoir and into doing work.

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5
Q

describes what the temperature of an object measures?

A

The average thermal energy per particle making up the object.

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6
Q

In the process of convection, once a particle has been warmed up:

it cycles through the _, losing _ but eventually _ to the _and warming up once again.

A

In the process of convection, once a particle has been warmed up:

it cycles through the system, losing energy but eventually returning to the heat island and warming up once again.

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7
Q

describe Heat death of the universe

A

The idea that all energy in the universe will ultimately wind up as unusable energy

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8
Q

A heat engine produces work by which of the following?

Heat is converted to _ and the _ is expelled.

A

A heat engine produces work by which of the following?

Heat is converted to work and the excess heat is expelled.

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9
Q

Natures direction

Tendency of all systems to evolve from _ to more _ states

A

Tendency of all systems to evolve from improbable to more probable states

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10
Q

heat is

_ in motion

A

heat is energy in motion

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11
Q

Two objects are defined to be at the same temperature if _

A

Two objects are defined to be at the same temperature if no net heat flows spontaneously from one to the other

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12
Q

Gallon vs pint of water

Same heat?

Same temp?

A

Gallon has more heat (internal energy) than a pint, but they are at the same temperature

Difference

Heat is form of energy, temperature is a measurement

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13
Q

Temp Scales

water freeze and boil

F

C

K

A

Fahrenheit

0: Mixture of ice, salt, and water
32: ice melt
96: human body temp (real 98)

Celsius

0: water freezing
100: water boiling

Kelvin

0: absolute zero= motion stops

1k=1c

273=water freeze

373=water boil

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14
Q

what is absolute zero

A

Absolute zero= 0K

Impossible to extract heat from atoms (stop moving)

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15
Q

Factors determine how quickly heat is transferred between objects

A

Temperature difference

Thermal conductivity

Distance

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16
Q

Is it more energy efficient to keep at constant temperature or set it on a variable schedule

A

If you keep it on constant you will lose more energy when it is too cold or at night when there is a large temperature difference

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17
Q

Specific heat capacity

a measure of the ability of a material to _ and is defined as the _ required to raise the temperature of one gram of that material by 1°C

largest heat capacity?

A

Specific heat capacity

a measure of the ability of a material to absorb heat and is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that material by 1°C

large heat capacity?= water

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Conduction

The movement of heat by _ atoms or molecules

A chain of collisions occurs, with atoms progressively farther and farther away from the heat source moving_

A

Conduction

The movement of heat by collisions between vibrating atoms or molecules

A chain of collisions occurs, with atoms progressively farther and farther away from the heat source moving faster and faster as time goes by

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20
Q

Why does insulation work?

Thermal _ differences

The ability of a material to transfer _ from one molecule to the next by _

A

Thermal conductivity differences

The ability of a material to transfer heat energy from one molecule to the next by conduction

21
Q

Heat conductor vs heat insulator

A

Insulator= low thermal conductivity

22
Q

Convection

The transfer of heat by the _ of fluid or air.

Dense, cooler fluids (liquids and gases) _ bulk and _, which are less dense

A

Convection

The transfer of heat by the physical motion of masses of fluid or air.

Dense, cooler fluids (liquids and gases) descend in bulk and displace rising warmer fluids, which are less dense

23
Q

How do cities create their own weather

A

Cities help create their own weather because they are heat islands where convection cells develop.

Rainfall is typically higher in cities than in the surrounding atmosphere because cities set up convection cells that draw in cool moist air from surrounding areas.

24
Q

Why fiber glass good insulator

composition

how it disrupts 2 heat transfers

A

loosely intertwined strands of glass. It works by minimizing the opportunities for conduction and convection of heat out of your home.

it takes a long time for heat to move along a thin, twisted glass fiber, and even longer for heat to transfer across the occasional contact points between pairs of crossed fibers.

Furthermore, a cloth-like mat of fiberglass disrupts airflow and prevents heat transfer by convection.

25
Q

describe thermocline and upwelling

A

Thermocline

  • Transition layer between warm surface water and cold deep water

Upwelling

  • Wind push water away
  • Nutrient rich water from below takes it’s place
  • Fertilize ocean surface
  • Good fishing when this occurs
26
Q

Describe ENSO (SA and AUS)

Normal year

El nino year

A

Normal yearTrade winds go from SA to AUS.

  • Upwelling in SA
  • Trade winds Push water towards AUS
  • Water warmer in AUS
  • Convection cell- heat rises in AUS

El Nino= warm phase

  • Higher air pressure in AUS bring opposing winds
  • Trade winds decrease in strength
  • Normal flow of water away from SA decreases and piles up of SA
  • Pushes thermocline deeper and decreases upwelling
  • Deeper thermocline and decreased water trasport from SA to AUS, the sea surface increases greater than normal around SA
27
Q

Radiation

Transfer of heat by_- wave energy

When bodies at EQ with environment?

A

Radiation

Transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation- wave energy

EQ= no loss of energy if object at same temperature as surroundings

28
Q

How does body control temperature?

heat transfer

A
  • Body temp up
  • blood vessels near the surface of your skin dilate so that the blood can carry more heat to the surface by convection.
  • excess heat can be radiated away and conduction happens.
  • In addition, you start to sweat. The purpose of sweating is to put water on your skin, which then evaporates through your body heat.
29
Q

The second law of thermodynamics places restrictions on the way _ can be transferred and used to do _

Statements

  • Heat will not flow _ from a _ to a _ body (ON ITS OWN)
  • You cant make an engine that does nothing but_
  • Every isolated system becomes more _ with time (HIGH _)
A

The second law of thermodynamics

places restrictions on the way heat and other forms of energy can be transferred and used to do work

Statements

  • Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body (ON ITS OWN)
  • You cant make an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work
  • Every isolated system becomes more disorder with time (HIGH ENTROPY)
30
Q

Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body

  • Explain
  • How could be violated
A

If two objects collide and one of them is moving faster than the other, chances are that the slower object will be speeded up and the faster object slowed down by the collision. It’s unlikely that events will go the other way. Thus, as we saw in the discussion of heat conduction, faster-moving molecules tend to share their energy with slower-moving ones.

On the macroscopic scale, this process is seen as heat flowing from warm regions to cold ones by conduction. For the second law to be violated, the molecules in a substance would have to conspire so that collisions would cause slower-moving molecules to slow down even more, giving up their energy to faster molecules so they could go even faster.

31
Q

You cant make an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work

This second statement of the second law tells us that whenever energy is _, some of the _ must be dumped into the environment and is unable to do _

A

This second statement of the second law tells us that whenever energy is transformed from heat to another type, some of the heat must be dumped into the environment and is unable to do work

32
Q

Efficiency

Quantifies loss of _

A

Efficiency

Quantifies loss of useful energy

33
Q

How an engine works

Exploding mixture of _ creates a _ gas that pushes down on a piston.

The piston’s motion is converted into _ of a series of machine parts that eventually _.

Some of the energy is lost because of _, but the second law of thermodynamics predicts that our use of the energy is restricted even if _

A

How an engine worksIgnition

Exploding mixture of gasoline and air creates a high-temperature, high-pressure gas that pushes down on a piston.

The piston’s motion is converted into rotational motion of a series of machine parts that eventually turn the car’s wheels.

Some of the energy is lost because of friction, but the second law of thermodynamics predicts that our use of the energy is restricted even if friction did not exist

34
Q

The second law of thermodynamics says that any engine operating between _ must dump some energy in the form of _ into the _

A

The second law of thermodynamics says that any engine operating between two temperatures must dump some energy in the form of heat into the low-temperature reservoir

35
Q

why petroleum reserves and coal deposits play such an important role in the world economy

Can produce _

Can be used _

Large portion of energy is _ when combusted as heat

A

why petroleum reserves and coal deposits play such an important role in the world economy

Can produce high temp res

Can be used once

Large portion of energy is wasted when combusted as heat

36
Q

Why use fossil fuels for heating?

how much energy water when used for electricity generation?

A
  • no engine envolved so not much heat loss in process
  • MORE THAN 2/3 of the energy WASTED as heat
  • Electricity you have to convert fossil fuel to electricity then heat up
37
Q

highly ordered configurations are _ because almost every possible configuration is _

An _ system is one in which a number of objects, be they atoms or automobiles, are positioned in a completely regular and predictable pattern

A _ system, on the other hand, contains objects that are randomly situated, without any obvious pattern.

A

highly ordered configurations are improbable because almost every possible configuration is disordered

An ordered system is one in which a number of objects, be they atoms or automobiles, are positioned in a completely regular and predictable pattern

A disordered system, on the other hand, contains objects that are randomly situated, without any obvious pattern.

38
Q

According to the second law of thermodynamics, any system left to itself will evolve toward the_, the state with the maximum _ in the arrangement of its parts.

A

According to the second law of thermodynamics, any system left to itself will evolve toward the most disordered state, the state with the maximum uncertainty in the arrangement of its parts.

39
Q

Why does refrigerator not violate 2nd law of thermo

A

Not isolated due to power cord- power station

Systems total entropy must increase

Ice cube- entropy decrease

Power plant- burning fuel and surrounding air become more disordered

All that the second law requires is that the increase of disorder at the generating plant be greater than the increase of order at the ice cube. As long as this requirement is met, the second law is not violated

40
Q

describe heat death of universe

A

2nd law- all energy will eventually degrade into waste heat= maximum state of entropy

All waste heat= all bodies come to same temperature= no heat transfer between two bodies= since no heat flow, no work can be aquired by heat transfer. No just thermal heat, but all forms. Since no more work can be extracted, the universe is said to be dead

41
Q

Difference between motion laws and thermo laws

A

The arrow of time

Dimensions of space have no direction

The motions predicted by Newton and the conservation of energy are independent of time.*

The second law of thermodynamics is different. By defining a sequence of events, we have established a direction to time

42
Q

Does evolution violate 2nd law?

A

The energy that drives living systems is sunlight, so that the “isolated system” that the second law speaks of is Earth’s biosphere plus the Sun.

evolution of life consistent with the second law is that the order observed in living things must be offset by a greater amount of disorder in the Sun

43
Q

Does the First Law of Thermodynamics imply a directionality in nature?

ICE melting

A

Yes-Move from improbable state to probable state

BUT from perspective of energy conservation

KE Air

higher temp

  • Fast molecules collide with slower ice mols
  • Temp of ice = melt and eventually room temp
  • BUT highly improbable Water mol donate energy to mol of the air and get converted into ice again
  • Very improbable
44
Q

What is specific heat capacity? Which heats more quickly, a kilogram of water or a kilogram of copper?

A

SHC

Ability of material to absorb heat

High SHC= more heat needed to raise temp

Amount of heat needed to increase temp by 1 degree C

45
Q

How did Daniel Fahrenheit produce the temperature scale that bears his name?

A

All values to be positive

Coldest temperature he could create in lab as 0

Ice, water, salt

Human body temperature of 96

46
Q

What makes a good conductor of heat? What makes a good insulator?

A

Heat transferred by vibration of atoms= collide to cause other to vibrate faster= transfer of heat

Good conductor

Atoms in lattice are vibrate/ move in lattice

Good insulator

Atoms tightly bound to lattice so don’t vibrate much= bad conductor

47
Q

Explain why heat only flows spontaneously from hot to cold objects.

A

2nd law says it cant happen on its own accord- have to supply energy

  • conservation of energy KE

If two objects collide and one of them is moving faster than the other, chances are that the slower object will be speeded up and the faster object slowed down by the collision. It’s unlikely that events will go the other way. Thus, as we saw in the discussion of heat conduction, faster-moving molecules tend to share their energy with slower-moving ones.

48
Q

State the second law of thermodynamics in three different ways. In what ways are these three statements equivalent?

A

Heat will not flow spontaneously from cold to hot body

You cannot construct and engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work

Every isolated system becomes more disordered with time

LINK

They all predict the direction in which a system will drive if left to do so on its own

49
Q

In what way is aging an example of the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Aging= evolving towards disordered state

Disorder= immune system weak/ body parts are not able to function as well as they used to

Science Research and Implications Society (4 decks)

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