CH.4

Question 1

the social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

the various transitions and stages people experience during their lives

Answer 2

life course

Question 3

socialization from infancy to early childhood

Answer 3

primary socialization

Question 4

socialization from early childhood through adult life

Answer 4

secondary socialization

Question 5

the process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time

Answer 5

social reproduction

Question 6

groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place

Answer 6

agents of socialization

Question 7

The process whereby people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world

Answer 7

resocialization

Question 8

the distinctive characteristics of a person’s (or a group’s) character that relate to who she is and what is meaningful

Answer 8

identity

Question 9

the characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

Answer 9

social identity

Question 10

a single identity or status that overpowers all the other identities one holds

Answer 10

master status

Question 11

the process of self-development through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world

Answer 11

self-identity

Question 12

human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering

Answer 12

cognition

Question 13

the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others

Answer 13

social self

Question 14

awareness of one’s distinct social identity as a person separate from others

Answer 14

self-consciousness

Question 15

a concept according to which the individual comes to understand the general values of a given group or society during socialization

Answer 15

generalized other

Question 16

according to Cooley’s theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves

Answer 16

the looking glass self

Question 17

the stage from birth to 2 years where children explore their physical environment

Answer 17

sensorimotor stage

Question 18

the stage from ages 2 to 7 where children master language and symbols

Answer 18

preoperational stage

Question 19

the stage from ages 7 to 11 where children master abstract logic and causality

Answer 19

concrete operational stage

Question 20

the stage from ages 11 to 15 where children master highly abstract and hypothetical ideas

Answer 20

formal operational stage

Question 21

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family

Answer 21

gender role socialization

Question 22

social roles assigned to each sex and labeled as masculine or feminine

Answer 22

gender roles

Question 23

the specific verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race

Answer 23

race socialization

Question 24

found that minority parents were more likely to discuss race and heritage with their children than white parents

Answer 24

Brown and Lesane-Brown (2006)

Question 25

were most evident among children who had received moderately frequent messages

Answer 25

positive effects of race socialization