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BIO Ch.4 > Ch.4 > Flashcards

Ch.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A

The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

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3
Q

Cellular metabilism

A

All the chemical activities of a cell

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4
Q

Central vacuole

A

In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes

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5
Q

Centrosome

A

The region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined (often appearing as a narrow “waist”) and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

A gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell

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9
Q

Cilium (Cilia)

A

A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules (the “9 + 2” arrangement) covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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12
Q

Cytosol

A

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Electron microscope (EM)

A

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope

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14
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

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15
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. See also rough ER; smooth ER

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16
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

The meshwork surrounding animal cells; consists of glycoproteins and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells

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19
Q

Flagellum (Flaggela)

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a “9 + 2” arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

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20
Q

glycoprotein

A

The main components of the ECM, proteins bonded with carbohydrates

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

Granum (grana)

A

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis

23
Q

Integrin

A

A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton in animal cells

24
Q

Intermediate filament

A

An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins

25
Q

Light microscope (LM)

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer’s eye or onto photographic film

26
Q

Lysosome

A

A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles

27
Q

Microfilament

A

The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin

28
Q

Microtubule

A

The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; found in cilia and flagella

29
Q

Mitochondiral matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle

30
Q

Mitochondrian (Mitochondria)

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two membranes, it is where most of the cell’s ATP is made

31
Q

Motor protein

A

A protein that interacts with the cytoskeleton and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

32
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm

33
Q

Nucleoid

A

A non–membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated

34
Q

Nuclolous

A

A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

35
Q

Nucleus (Nuclei)

A

(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin

36
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell

37
Q

Peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

38
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

39
Q

Plasmodesma

A

An open channel in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

40
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

41
Q

Ribisome

A

A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus

42
Q

Rough ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribisomes attached to make membrane proteins and secratory proteins

43
Q

Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)

A

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface details of a cell or other specimens

44
Q

Smooth ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribisomes

45
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane. Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle

46
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum

47
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens

48
Q

Transport vesicle

A

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. The vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents

49
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endo-membrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells

50
Q

Vesicle

A

A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

BIO Ch.4 (1 decks)

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