CH3: The Neonate Flashcards
Recall of pain during childbirth
In the period relatively soon after birth, mothers remember their labor to be less painful than it really was. This retrospective reconstruction may be evolutionarily adaptive to prevent resentment for the newborn or increase the chances of having a kid again. When they were asked 3-4 years later, they more accurately recalled the pain.
List some newborn reflexes and describe them
eye blink(protects from strong stimulation_
withdrwal
rooting
sucking (permits feeding)
more (embracing motion)
palmar grasp (prepared for voluuntary grasping)
stepping (prepares for voluntary walking)
Babinski (feet curl)
What are infants sleep scheudles like?
They sleep a lot and they have irregular sleep. They’re awake like 6 hours at most. They spend half of the time in REM.
Infant states of arousal
regular and irregular sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, waking acitivity and crying
Newborn sense of touch
-repond to touch on sensitive areas (like mouth, palms, soles, genitals)
-sensitive to pain ( if we touch infants too much, they can be stressed or overstimulated
-we can releive pain with anesthetics, sugar and gentle holding
Newborn taste and smell
-prefer sweet tastes at birth
-quickly learn to liek new tastes
-have odor prefrences from birth
-can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth
-sucrose elicts positive responses, bitter negative
Newborn sense of hearing
-prefer complex sounds (voices and noises) to pure tones
-learn sound patterns within days
-sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language (can tell between different ones)
Least developed sense at birth
vision
Newborn Vision
-least developed sense at birth
-can’t see long distances or focus clearly (like 12 inches)
-scan environment and try to track interesting objexts
-color vision improves in the first two months (prefer big contrasting patterns)
Research methods with infants
Habituation:
- infant sees or hears same stimuli over and over again until it loses interest
-infant is presented with new stimuli and researches see if they can tell
Preferential looking
-infant sees two objects at same time
-attention to each object is recorded
Tactile infant sensory expeirment
-non painful sensory stimulation reuslts in equal or higher levels of stress than painful stimulation
smell prenatal exposure experiment
infants born to moms who consumed more anise flavor had a preference to it (carrots)
do infants recognize moms voice at birth?
yes, experiment where they suck on a nipple and different sucking patterns have different results. Infants learned suck faster to produce the mother’s voice .
what voice do newborns prefer to be talked to in
neutral voice over “motherese”
they prefer muffled mom’s voice rather than clear voice (bc its what they heard in utero), although goes away quickly
do infants recognize material they’ve heard in utero ?
yes, they workerd harder(changing sucking patterns) to produce a specific Dr. Seuss passage they heard in utero… they even prefer strangers reading the same passage over the moms voice
what is an example of how babies are learning fragile systems?
in the experiment of reading Dr. seuss passages to babies in utero, newborns prefer passage read by stranger than by moms voice… they’re learning the rhythym and sounds of the passage but not necessarily the language or making the assocaition with the voice and the passage
do fetuses respond to their mothers voice in utero ?
yes, heart rate deceases even to tape recording, babies can recognize these sounds coming from mom and external sources
do infants recognize their fathers voice?
-distinguish between voices but don’t prefer them over another even if reading passage during utero
-exposure argument (probs not exposed enough to dad )
do infants recognize and prefer their language ?
yes, they suck to hear their native language, prefer
can infants learn and remmber mothers faces?
more they’re exposed, the more they prefere her face, preferential looking , still prefer her after 15 minutes
-brand new babies can do this
do newborns imitate actions of adults?
yes, and reliably imitate tongue protrusions and mouth openings.
-24 hours later, and they can till do the action…. shows that memory is intact even early in developmen expected
t
-social learning may happen earlier than
-first signs of connectino between parents and child(big for social development)
Meltov’s argument
intermodal system: see it, think about it, act on it, lots of cognitive cordination
-this could be seen in how babies imitate actions of adults
give an example of intermodal integration
only infants who heard mothers voice in utero preffered their mother’s face
intermodal integration
infants integrating info from multiple systems, making connections and building on them (subconsciour or conscious)
-however these systems are fragile and easy to disrupt
do mothers have “spceial interactions” with their newborns
yes, they touch them more, hold them closer, play games, adjust theri holds (engage with them differetly than other newborns )
can parents identify newborns by touch?
moms can recognize newborn from cheek or hand, fathers by hand
can parents identify newborns by sight ?
yes, even after only 10 min exposure
can parents identify newborns by smell alone ?
-parents asked to smell infant clothing
-most morthers could do it less than an hour after birth
-women who aren’t mothers could also recognize newborns from others
-could be an evolutationary trait for womans to differentiate smell of babies
can mothers recognize cries of babies?
yes
adjustments to parenthoood
physical , schedule, financial, time, gender roles , parents relationship (counseling, support, interventions for high risk couples)
Why is all this important to know about infants and parents?
-Babies are set up to navigate the world
-Babies and parents come with innate ways to foster attachment and development togehther.
-The interaction between intermodal systems lays foudnations for early social development and interactins.
Penetrance
% of people in a population with the disease-causing allele who exhibit the phenotype
Complete vs variable penetrance
Complete Penetrance: you have the disease
Variable penetrance: modified penetrance
-Null mutation alleles in UROD gene are dominant
-Most heterozygous individuals don’t have symptoms unless they have certain alleles of the HFE gene
-those who have symptoms, have them with similar severity
In this case, which is variable? penetrance, expressivity, or both?
penetrance
A cell in G1(non replicating stage) of interphase has 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes and DNA molecules will be found per cell when this original progresses to the following meiotic stages?
Prophase II
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
After cytokinesis of meiosis I
Telophase II
Prophase II: 6 chromosomes, 12 DNA molecules
Metaphase I: 12 chromosomes, 24 DNA molecules
Anaphase I: 12 chromosomes, 34 DNA molecules
After cytokinesis of meiosis I: 6 chromosomes, 12 DNA molecules
Telophase II : 12 chromosomes, 12 DNA molecules
What is Meiosis
formation of haploid cells(gametes) from diploid cells(somatic) that results in the reduction and shuffling of genetic info, increasing genetic diversity
Purposes of Meiosis
Increase genetic diversity
Reduce amount of genetic material by one half
Steps of Meiosis
1) DNA replication
Meiosis 1:
1) Prophase 1:
2) Prometaphase 1:
3) Metaphase 1:
4) Anaphase 1
5) Telophase 1)
6) Cytokinesis
Meisosi II:
all these steps of Meiosis 1 but #2
Briefly describe steps of Meiosis 1
1) Prophase 1: chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes aline, crossing over and nuclear membrane breaks down
2)Prometaphase I: spindle network of proteins form to help move and distribute chromosomes
3) Prometaphase I: spindle network of proteins form to help move and distribute chromosomes
4) Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes are separated while sister chromatids stay attached
5) Telophase I: homologous chromosomes are separated while sister chromatids stay attached
6) Cytokinesis: Cell divides into 2 cells
Describe Prometaphase I
spindle network of proteins form to help move and distribute chromosomes
Kinetochore microtubules move to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres
Polar microtubules go to chromosome arms
Microtubules are connected at poles to a centromere
Describe Metaphase I
Metaphase I: homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell
Random alignment: random lining up for homologous chromosomes along the metaphase plate
Randomness creates more genetic variation
Random alignment:
random lining up for homologous chromosomes along the metaphase plate
How does metaphase increase genetic diversity?
-through random alignment
Describe the steps of Meiosis II
Prophase II: a new spindle begins to form
Prometaphase II: Spindle finalizes , with kinetochore microtubule bound to kinetochore proteins at the centromere of each chromatid
Metaphase II: chromosome line up along the metaphase plate
Anaphase II: Spindle tightens pulling sister chromatids apart
Telophase II: spindle breaks down and nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
Cytokinesis: cells divide
Describe Telophase II
Ispindle breaks down and nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
Once 2 chromatids are pulled apart , they are considered their own chromosome
4 distinct cells with one copy each of a chromosome
