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bio.4 ch lectures > ch3 study > Flashcards

ch3 study Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of living things (7)

A

cellularity, growth, metabolism, reproduction, Responsiveness, adaptation and evolution

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2
Q

What is Natural selection? How does it lead to species change?

A

Reproduction: people w/ more offspring will leave traits that predominate in future generations

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3
Q

Describe the cell theory

A

Cell is basic unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, cells come from other cells.

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4
Q

Define monotrichous; polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar; One flagellum at one or both ends of a cell

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5
Q

Define iophotrichous; polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar; “tuft” or several flagella at one end

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6
Q

Define amphitirichous; polar or non polar?

A

Polar; flagella both ends of cell.

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7
Q

Define peritrichous

A

Flagella all around cell

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8
Q

Define taxis

A

Movement of the cell in response to stimulus

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9
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Cell movement toward chemicals

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10
Q

Define phototaxis

A

Cell movement toward light

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11
Q

Define magnetotaxis

A

Cell Movement toward magnetic field

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12
Q

Define geotaxis

A

cell movement toward gravity

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13
Q

Positive taxis is movement __ stimulus, increases the # of __

A

Toward; runs

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14
Q

Negative taxis is movement __stimulus, increases the number of____

A

Away; tumbles

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15
Q

Bacterial structure: Glycocalyx function

A

Protect; allows cell to attach

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16
Q

Bacterial structure: glycocalyx is composed of:

A

Polysaccharide, protein, or both

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17
Q

Bacterial structure: Flagellum function

A

Propels cell in environment

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18
Q

Bacterial structure: flagellum structure (3 parts)

A

Basal body, hook, filament

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19
Q

Bacterial structure: fimbriae function

A

Stick cells to one another or to a surface (biofilms) or to a host cell (pathogen)

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20
Q

Bacterial structure: fimbriae structure

A

Short, numerous bristle-like surface projections; made of protein

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21
Q

Bacterial structure: pilus (pili) function

A

Used for attachment to surfaces or other cells; includes conjugation pilus

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22
Q

Bacterial structure: pilus (pili) structure

A

Longer than fimbriae; hollow tube;

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23
Q

Bacterial structure: cell wall function

A

Provides structure and shape; protects cell from osmotic forces; aid in cell attachment; eluding antimicrobial drugs.

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24
Q

Bacterial structure: cell wall structure

A

Composed of peptidoglycan (protein and sugar)

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25
Bacterial structure: cytoplasm
Is the liquid and structures inside the plasma membrane
26
Bacterial structure: necleoid
Single circular chromosome within bacterial cell.
27
Bacterial structure: inclusions
Storage deposited inside the cell; content varies from one species to next
28
Bacterial structure: ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
29
Bacterial structure: cytoskeleton
simple network of fibers inside the cell membrane. Helps provide shape to cell
30
Bacterial structure: endospores
Made during period of starvation; resistant to drying, UV, chemicals, heat; survive for thousand years;
31
A bacteria that is gram + has
Thick cell wall; many layers of peptidoglycan
32
A bacteria that is gram - has
thin cell wall; less peptidoglycan but extra membrane- outer membrane
33
Describe the process of binary fission
Cell replicates DNA and attaches to cell wall; separates DNA molecules; cross wall forms; daughter cells separate
34
Who does binary fission?
prokaryotes; Bacterial cells
35
Why do bacteria cells do binary fission?
Because they are asexual; no sexual reproduction.
36
Describe the process of endospore formation
DNA is replicated; DNA attaches to cell wall; cytoplasmic membrane creates forespore; membrane grows around forespore and chops up the replicated DNA and becomes vegetative cell; cortex forms around endospore then spore coat, outer coat; endospore matures and is released from cell.
37
Who does endospore formation? why
Only some prokaryotes can produce endoscopes; for survival of the cell
38
Why do we care if endoscopes exist?
Because they can live for thousands of years dormant; extremely resistant; hard to kill
39
Define coccus (cocci)
spherical
40
define bacillus (bacilli)
Oblong, rod
41
Define spirillum
stiff
42
define spirochete
Flexible
43
Define vibrio
curved
44
define pleomorphic
Varies in shape and size
45
Define tetrad
four
46
define sarcinae
eight; cube
47
Define palisade
Side by side; bacilli specific
48
Define v-shaped
Bacilli specific; v shape
49
Prefix: diplo-
2
50
Prefix: strepto
A chain
51
Prefix: staphylo
a bunch
52
Archaeal structure: Glycocalyx
Similar to Bacteria: protects; allows cell to attach and function in biofilms.
53
Archaeal structure: flagella
Hook, basal body, filament; solid filament; power source ATP.
54
Archaeal structure: fimbriae and pili
Used for attachment; not well characterized
55
Archaeal structure: hami (hamus)
Attachment structure; grappling hook and prickles
56
Archaeal structure: cell wall
Composed of polysaccharide or proteins (or both); diversity in structure.
57
Archaeal structure: cell membrane
One layer (not bilayer); fatty acids can be branched, "ether" covalent bond between fatty acid and glycerol
58
Archaeal structure: cytoplasm
Liquid and structures inside the plasma membrane -same as bacteria
59
Archaeal structure: ribosomes
70s; same as bacteria- site for protein synthesis
60
Archaeal structure: nucleoid
One circular chromosome like bacteria; structure similar to eukaryotes: 1) introns and exons; Histone protein that DNA wraps around`
61
What's the same with Archaea and bacterial cells?
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, fimbriae, pill, glycocalyx
62
What's different between Archaea and bacterial cells
Cell wall, hamus, flagella, cell membrane
63
Describe the structure of a biological membrane
head: hydrophilic. Tail: hydrophobic. Phospholipids bilayer + protein; Fluid mosaic(always changing); proteins are integral and peripheral
64
What can cross the biological membrane?
Lipids, hydrophobic molecules, small molecules, water, oxygen CO2
65
What cannot cross the biological membrane?
Large molecules, highly charged-like ions, hydrophilic.
66
Biological membrane: diffusion
Occurs across the membrane and is passive
67
Biological membrane: facilitated diffusion
Requires transmembrane protein and concentration gradient (is passive)
68
Biological membrane: facilitated diffusion carrier
Transmembrane protein is specific to a certain molecule
69
Biological membrane: facilitated diffusion pore
Transmembrane protein that allows multiple molecules through
70
Biological membrane: osmosis
Diffusion of water across the membrane, either through the phospholipids bilayer or pore.
71
Biological membrane: active transport
Requires ATP to move substance against the concentration gradient (low to high) *always involves a carrier protein
72
What is group translocation? Who does it?
A chemical is altered as it is moved across the membrane; it uses energy
73
Eukaryotic structures: Glycocalyx
Made of carbohydrates; found in cells w/o cell walls; provides protection against dehydration, reinforcement of cell membrane, communication
74
Eukaryotic structures: cell wall
Not in animal! Cell wall= no glycocalyx; protects against environment and against osmosis, keeps shape.
75
Eukaryotic structures: cell wall plant composed of
polysaccharide cellulose
76
Eukaryotic structures: cell wall fungi composed of
Polysaccharide chitin
77
Eukaryotic structures: cell wall algae composed of
Polysaccharide various cellulose, agar, carrageenan
78
Eukaryotic structures: cell membrane
Semi-permeable phospholipids bilayer; Fluid mosaic model; contain steroid lipids, (no group translocation)
79
Eukaryotic structures: cell membrane: what is vesicular transport
Movement of materials throughout cell. In/out/around
80
Eukaryotic structures: cell membrane; 2 types of endocytosis; compare:
1. )phagocytosis (cell eating) and | 2. ) pinocytosis (cell drinking)
81
What is endocytosis and exocytosis
Little package that goes endocytosis (in) and exocytosis (out) of cell
82
Eukaryotic structures: flagellum function
Moves by "wave motion"; basal body and filament only; surrounded by cell membrane
83
Eukaryotic structures: flagellum structure
Hollow tubes; basal body 9+0 in triplets; filament 9+2 in pairs.
84
Eukaryotic structures: cilia
Covers the surface of cell; short and numerous, moves in unison to move cell forward
85
Eukaryotic structures: ribosome
80s, site of protein synthesis; located in cytoplasm and attachment to rough ER; large subunit/small subunit structure.
86
Eukaryotic structures: cytoskeleton
Extensive network of internal fibers; membrane changes for vesicular transport; amoeboid movement; maintains cell shape
87
Eukaryotic structures: centrosome
Functions during cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis) of many eukaryotes. Not in fungi or plant
88
Eukaryotic structures: nucleus
Largest structure in cell, houses the dna
89
Eukaryotic structures: what does the nucleolus do?
Makes ribosomes subunits
90
Eukaryotic structures: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Network of membranous tubes, continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
91
Eukaryotic structures: rough ER
Site of protein synthesis, on surface ribosomes-then proteins moved into ER
92
Eukaryotic structures: smooth ER
Site of lipid synthesis
93
Eukaryotic structures: Golgi body
"post office"; receives vehicles of stuff; packages, sends package within cell or out of cell
94
Eukaryotic structures: lysosome
In animal cells; "recycle bin" contains enzymes to break down cell parts; destroy invading prokaryotes; open into cytoplasm "suicide"
95
Eukaryotic structures: peroxisome
toxin neutralizer; destroys poisonous metabolic wastes; specific type of lysosome
96
Eukaryotic structures: vacuole
Plants and algae store starch, lipids, water, usually the largest part of a cell.
97
Eukaryotic structures: mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
98
Eukaryotic structures: chloroplasts
Harvest light for photosynthesis
99
Eukaryotes structure. Define Organelle
Little Organ, structure inside a cell that performs a specific function. Usually specific chemistry

bio.4 ch lectures (1 decks)

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