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behavioral science > ch3: learning and memory > Flashcards

ch3: learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

stimulus

A

anything to which an organism can respond, including all fo the sensory inputs

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2
Q

habituation

A

repeated exposure to the same stiulus can cause a decrease in response
med students and cadaver, they get use to it

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3
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.

highway, then going on exit, heightened stimuli more in body

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4
Q

associative learning

A

creation of a pairing between two still or between behavior an da response

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

biological instinctual response to creat associations between two unrelated stimuli

pavloves dogs thru conditioned stimuli

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6
Q

unconditional stimulus

A

stimulus that brings a reflexive response

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7
Q

uncondisiotns response

A

reflexive reponse

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus into a reflexive stimulus

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9
Q

acquisision

A

process of neutral stimulus into a conditioned pavlova dogs

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10
Q

generalization

A

a broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

little Albert :(

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11
Q

discrimination

A

organism learns ot distinguish between two similar stiuli

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12
Q

operant conditioning

A

voluntary behaviors linked with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors

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13
Q

reinforcement

A

the process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior
positive or negaive

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14
Q

escape learnign

A

the role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exisits,

like taking an aspirin bc of a headache

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15
Q

avoidance learning

A

meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

like Angela, “I don’t have a headache, Im just preparing”

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16
Q

primary reinforcer

A

the fish in the case of dolphins and tricks and a clicker
the clicker is the conditioned/secondary reinforcer

the trainer may be associated with ehpossiblility of a reward, so its is the discriminative stimulus

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17
Q

reinforcement scheudles

A

fixed ratio schules- button presses
variable ratio scheudles- FASTEST RESPONSE RATE
fixed interval schedules-time w button presses
variable interval schedules

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18
Q

shaping

A

process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors. pars with barking

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19
Q

latent leaning

A

leaning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

rats running a maze

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20
Q

preparedness

A

animals are most able to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors

birds pecking for seeds

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21
Q

instinctive drift

A

difficult in overcoming instinctual behaviors

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22
Q

observational learning

A

process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others

the clown kicking experiment

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23
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurological factors in observational learning that affect observational learning, locate din the frontal and parietal labels of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs and action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action,

play a role in imitative learning by a number of primates

24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

cause an increasing of a given behavior by REMOVING something unpleasant

25
Q

positive punishment

A

reduces behavior by ADDING SOMETHING UNPELASANT

26
Q

positive reinforces

A

increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence

27
Q

negative punishment

A

reduces behavior by revmoving something plelasant

28
Q

7 plus/minus 2 rule

A

in addition to having alimited duration, short term memories are also limited din acapaity to approximately seven items, capacity can be increasing by clustering info and the duration can be extended using maintenance rehearsal

29
Q

short term memory is housed primary in the ___`

A

hippocampus, which is also responsible fo the consolidation of short term memory into long term memory

30
Q

working memory

A

is closely related to short term memory and is similar supported by the hippocampus, enables us to keep a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate that information (simple math in our heads)

31
Q

semantic encoding

A

visualize information that requires controlled processing by putting it into MEANIGNFUL CONTEXT

32
Q

semantic memory

A

the facts that we know

33
Q

episodic memory

A

our experiences

34
Q

spacing effect

A

the longer amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention fo the information later on, dubbed by ebbinghaus, why cramming aint effective

35
Q

semantic network

A

brain organisms ideas into a semanticc network of interconnected ideas

36
Q

spreading activaiotn

A

when one node of our semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

is at the heart fo retrieval cue known as priming, in which recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close o the desired semantic memory

37
Q

serial position effect

A

retrieval cue that appears while learning lists

the tendency to remember early and late items is known as the primacy and recency effect, respectively

38
Q

alxxheimers disease

A

degenerative brain disorder, thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus, although its exact causes are not well understood

progressive dementia, which is loss of cognitive function, and memory loss

atrophy of the brain

NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES AND BETA AMYLOID PLAQUES– microscopic findings

sundowning,(common in middle to late stage) an increasing in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening

39
Q

korsadoffs syndrome

A

another form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain

marked by both
retrograde amnesia (the loss of prev mems)
anterograde amnesia(the inability to form new memories)
confabulation, the process of creating vivid by fabricated memories, thought to fill in the gaps of missing memories

40
Q

agnosia

A

loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds, though usually only one of the three

41
Q

interference/ interference effect

A

a common reason for memory loss

a retrieval error caused by the hesitance of other, usually similar, information

practice interference: old info is interfering with new leaning
retroactive interference: when new info causes forgetting of old info

42
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform a task at some pointing the future

43
Q

source monitoring error

A

involves confusion between semantic and episodeic memory, a person remembers he details of. an even, but confuses the context under which those details were gained

44
Q

list the three modes in which info can be encoded, from strongest to weakest

A

semantic (strongest), acoustic, visual (weakest)

45
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

the repetition of information to keep it within short term memory for near immediate use saying phone number over an dover again until you writ it down

46
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

the association of info to other stored knowledge, and is a more effective way to move information from short term memory to long term memory than maintenance rehersal

47
Q

reasons why eyewitnesses are unreliable

A

the nature of info shared with the witness by police, lawyers, and other witnesses, the misinformation effect, source monitoring error, amount of time elapsed between the even and the trial, manner in which th questions are asked (can appeal to emotions: collided vs crashed)

48
Q

misinformation effect

A

a phenomenon in which memories are altered by misleading information provided at eh point of encoding or recall

49
Q

neuroplasticity

A

a phenomenon where as our brains develop, neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli

adult brains display nowhere dnear the degree of plasticity as those of a child

the ability of the brain to form new connections rapidly, the brain is most plastic in young children and the plasticity quickly drops off after childhood

50
Q

synaptic pruning

A

a way our brains change, as we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains ability to process information

51
Q

long term potentiation

A

believed to be the neurophysiological basis of long term memory

as a stimulus is repeated, the stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their neurotransmitters and at the same time receptor sites on the other side of the synapse increasing increasing receptor density

52
Q

pruning

A

removing weak neural connections

53
Q

long term potentiation

A

strengthening of memory connections through increased neurotransmitter release and receptor density

54
Q

avoidance learning

A

type of negative reinforcement in which a behavior is increased to prevent an unpleasant future consequeunce

55
Q

controlled processing

A

requires active attention to the information being encoded

56
Q

metod of loci

A

involves associating each item in the list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized, for example

57
Q

peg words

A

associates things/numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the things/numbers

behavioral science (3 decks)

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