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PSYC 104 > ch.3 Biological Psychology > Flashcards

ch.3 Biological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Phrenology?

A

a discredited theory that outer surface of the skull (bumps) are linked to different psychological capacities popularised in the 1800s (brain mapping)

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2
Q

What was Franz Joseph Gall’s Phrenology hypothesis primarily based off of?

A

Anecdotal observations

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3
Q

EEG (Electroencephalograph)

A

recording brain’s electrical activity at the surface of the skull

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4
Q

Computed tomography: CT scan

A

A scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images

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5
Q

Deep brain stimulation: (DBS)

A

technique in which electrodes and a battery source are implanted in the brain to deliver electricity to specific brain areas

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6
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level

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7
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging: (MRI)

A

Technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

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8
Q

Magnetoencephalography: (MEG)

A

technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

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9
Q

Positron emission tomography: (PET)

A

imaging technique that measures the consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain

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10
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation: (TMS)

A

technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance of interrupt brain function

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11
Q

Localization of function:

A

Scientist identifies an area of the brain that is particularly active during a specific psychological task

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12
Q

Why should localisation of function not be overemphasized?

A

each brain region participates in many functions, coordination across multiple brain regions is the rule rather than the exception

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12
Q

What is a neuron?

A
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12
Q

Nerve cell specialized for communication

A
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12
Q

Parts of the neuron

A

Soma/cell body
nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals
Myelin sheath

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12
Q

What is the cell body?

A

The central region of a neuron that contains the nucleus where proteins are manufactured. Provides continual renewal of cell components

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13
Q

What is the axon?

A

Portion of neuron that sends signal

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14
Q

what is the dendrite?

A

Portion of neuron that receives signal

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15
Q

Dendrite vs Axon

A

Dendrite receive information from neighboring cells and axons pass along the information to other cells

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16
Q

Axon terminals

A

Ends of axon that transmit messages via neurotransmitters at the synapse

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17
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal

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18
Q

Glial cell

A

Cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, facilitates communication among neurons and enhances learning and memory

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19
Q

Glial cell types (Main 2)

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant glial cells. Shaped like stars.
Location: Blood brain barrier
Function: Increase neurotransmission accuracy, help control blood flow to the brain

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Function: Promote new connections among nerve cells and releases chemicals to aid in healing. Produce myelin sheaths

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22
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

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23
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

Inhibitory and Excitatory

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24
Q

Excitatory

A

function to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential

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25
Q

Inhibitory

A

function to prevent an action potential.

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26
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

GABA
Glutamate
Acetylcholine
Monoamines
Anandamide
Neuropeptides

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27
Q

What is GABA

A

Inhibitory
Most common neurotransmitter in CNS
-Dampens neural activity
-Role in learning, memory and sleep

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28
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory
-Increases neural activity
-Associated with enhanced learning and memory

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29
Q

Examples of monoamines

A

Norepinephrine
-Dopamine
-Serotonin

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30
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory
activate various parts of the brain influencing consciousness, arousal, movements

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31
Q

Dopamine

A

Both
motivation and rewarding experiences

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32
Q

Serotonin

A

Inhibitory
deactivate various parts of the brain influencing consciousness, arousal, movements

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33
Q

Anandamides

A

both
-Plays a role in eating, motivation, memory and sleep
-Target of weed (THC)

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34
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Both
Narrowly specialized neurotransmitters, pain, hunger regulation, satiety (fullness) and learning or memory
E.g; Endorphins

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35
Q

What substances increase GABA activity?

A

Alcohol and antianxiety drugs

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36
Q

What two neurotransmittors in every brain area are used for communication?

A

GABA and glutamate

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37
Q

Chemical communication:

A

Aka neurotransmission
Neurotransmitters released into the synapse bind with receptor sites along the dendrites of neighboring neurons

38
Q

Synapse:

A

Space between two connecting neurons through which messages transmitted chemically

39
Q

Synaptic cleft:

A

A gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

40
Q

Synaptic vesicle:

A

Spherical sac containing neurotransmitters

41
Q

Electrical communication

A

ell association between two nerve cells where ions are used to transmit nerve impulses rapidly
-Action potential

42
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

43
Q

Resting potential

A

Electrical charge difference (-60mV) across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited
-70mV

44
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

Membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential
-55mV

45
Q

Rising phase

A

Depolarisation
-Inside neuron becomes more positive

46
Q

When is the action potential reached?

A

At +30-+40mV

47
Q

Absolute refractory period:

A

The time during which another action potential is impossible; limits the maximal firing rate
Hyperpolarized

48
Q

Failed initiations

A

Stimulus isn’t strong enough for action potential to reach -55mV (threshold)

49
Q

3 types of chemical communication

A

EPSP-IPSP
Spatial summation
Temporal Summation

50
Q

EPSP-IPSP

A

Exictatory and inhibitory graded potentials cancel eachother out
Threshold not met

51
Q

Spatial summation

A

Excitatory potentials from many neurons trigger threshold point

52
Q

Temporal summation

A

Excitatory potentials from ONE neuron triggers threshold point

53
Q

CNS

A

Part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behaviour

54
Q

Parts of the CNS

A

Cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Spinal cord

55
Q

Cortex

A

Outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory information and higher brain functions

56
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Structures in the forebrain that help to control movement, motor planning and skill and habit learning

57
Q

Limbic system

A

A network of regions involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory

58
Q

What is the limbic system divided into?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

59
Q

Cerebellum

A

Brain structure responsible for our sense of balance and coordinates precise movement

60
Q

What is the brain stem divided into?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

61
Q

Spinal cord

A

Thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body

62
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex
relay station

63
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

64
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system that modulates attention, perception, and memory based on our emotions

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory

66
Q

What is the cortex divided into?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

67
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision making and planning.

68
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that’s specialized for touch and perception/sensory

69
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language and memory

70
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

71
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking visual stimuli and reflexes triggered by sound

72
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum

73
Q

Medulla

A

Part of the brain stem involved in basic functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

74
Q

Drugs that interact with neurotransmitter systems

A

Psychoactive

75
Q

How do drugs affect neurotransmitters?

A

Affect mood, thinking, arousal or observable behaviour

76
Q

Two ways drugs affect neurotransmission

A

Agonist
Antagonist

77
Q

Antagonist

A

Block or decrease the effect of a neurotransmitter e.g; Botulinum toxin (botox), caffeine

78
Q

Agonist

A

Increase or mimic the effect of a neurotransmitter e.g; Opiates, cocaine (mimics endorphins)

79
Q

Hindbrain:

A

Region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons and medulla.

80
Q

Corpus callosum:

A

Large band of fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

81
Q

Cerebral hemispheres:

A

Two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serves distinct yet highly integrated functions

82
Q

Cerebral ventricles:

A

Pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provide the brain nutrients and cushions against injury

83
Q

Peripheral nervous system:

A

Nerves in the body outside the CNS

84
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion

85
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight

86
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation

87
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that conveys information between the central nervous system and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement

88
Q

Wernicke’s Area:

A

Part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech and language

89
Q

Broca’s area

A

Language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production (formation of speech and spoken words)

90
Q

Plasticity

A

Term used by scientists who study the brain to dscrbe the ability of the nervous system to change over time

91
Q

What are the left hemisphere lateralized functions?

A

Fine tuned language skills e.g Speech comprehension, reading
Actions e.g Facial expression

92
Q

What are the right hemisphere lateralized functions?

A

Coarse language skills e.g Simple speech, tone of voice, simple writing
Visuospatial skills e.g face perception

93
Q

Endocrine system:

A

System of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers

94
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands

95
Q

Pituitary gland:

A

Master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body

96
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Tissue located on top of the kidneys that releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal

97
Q

What hormones are manufactured by the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenaline
Cortisol

98
Q
A

PSYC 104 (1 decks)

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