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LO MCAT BIOCHEM > CH3: BIOCHEM Basics > Flashcards

CH3: BIOCHEM Basics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics (AKA Law of Conservation of Energy)

A

The energy of the universe is constant

SO when E of a system DECR –> E of universe/surroundings INCR

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2
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Entropy (AKA disorder) of the universe increases

Entropy symbol = S

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3
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

DELTA G = DELTA H -T DELTA S

H= enthalpy (potential E)
S= entropy
T= temperature in K

T and S = kinetic E

DELTA G <0 FAVORABLE

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4
Q

Enthalpy

A

Internal energy contained in a compound

DELTA H= DELTA E + P DELTA V

H= enthalpy
E= bond energy
P= pressure
V= volume

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5
Q

Spontaneous

A

Favorable

DELTA G <0

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6
Q

Nonspontaneous

A

UNfavorable

DELTA G >0

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7
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy OUT

Negative DELTA G

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8
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy IN

Positive DELTA G

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9
Q

Exothermic

A

Heat OUT

Negative DELTA H

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10
Q

Endothermic

A

Heat IN

Positive DELTA H

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11
Q

Equilibrium

A

Reaction rate forward = Reaction rate reverse

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12
Q

Q

A

Ratio products to reactants

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13
Q

K eq

A

ratio products to reactants AT EQUILIBRIUM

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14
Q

You’re studying a particular reaction. You find the reaction in a book and read DELTA G*’ from a table. Can you calculate DELTA G for this reaction in a living human being without any more info?

A

NO
Need to know concentrations of products and reactants

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15
Q

How can DELTA G be negative is DELTA G*’ is positive?

A

if RT ln Q more negative than DELTA G*’ is positive

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16
Q

Does K eq indicate the rate at which a reaction

A

No
Only the concentrations of at equilibrium

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17
Q

When K eq is large which has lower free energy: products or reactants

A

Products
More products = less free energy

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18
Q

When Q is large which has lower free energy

A

unknown
Only derived from initial concentrations

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19
Q

Which direction forward or backward will be favored in a reaction if DELTA G= 0

A

NEITHER
Reached equilibrium

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20
Q

Chemical kinetics

A

Study of reaction rates

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21
Q

Transition state (TS)

A

Unstable and takes a lot of energy to make

Only around for a short time to form products or break down into reactants

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22
Q

Activation Enegy (Ea)

A

Energy needed to make the transition state

Can be “reaction barrier” even with NEG DELTA G

23
Q

Catalyst

A

INCR Ea by:
1. Lowers Ea of a reaction wo changing the DELTA G
2. Stabilizes the transition state so its LESS thermodynamically Unfavorable

NOT consumed in the reaction

DOESN”t change thermodynamics ONLY kinetics

24
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

INCREASE reaction rate by DECREASING activation energy

DO NOT affect DELTA G

Kinetic role NOT thermodynamic role

NOT used up in rxn

specific for certain rxns

25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Plants store light energy in bond energy of carbohydrates

26
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use light energy to make their own food

27
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use energy of chemicals made by other organisms

28
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

29
Q

Reduction

A

Gain electrons

30
Q

Oxidation Reactions

A
  1. Gain O atoms
  2. Lose H atoms
  3. Lose electrons
31
Q

Reduction Reactions

A
  1. Lose O atoms
  2. Gain H atoms
  3. Gain electrons
32
Q

Redox pair

A

When one atoms gets reduced another MUST be oxidized

33
Q

Catabolism

A

Break down molecules

34
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up molecules

35
Q

Oxidative Catabolism

A

Extracts energy from glucose

Glucose gets oxidized AND oxygen reduced

36
Q

BL Acids

MOST IMP FOR MCAT

A

Proton (H+) donors

37
Q

BL Bases

MOST IMP FOR MCAT

A

Proton (H+) acceptors

38
Q

Lewis Acids

A

Electron-pair acceptors

39
Q

Lewis Bases

A

Electron-pair donors

40
Q

BL Conjugate Acid

A

Has extra H+ than base

41
Q

BL Conjugate base

A

Missing H+

42
Q

Acid-ionization (or acid-dissociation) constant

Ka

A

Equilibrium expression for acid

LARGER Ka = STRONGER acid
SMALLER Ka = WEAKER acid

43
Q

Base-ionization (or base-dissociation) constant

Kb

A

Equil expression for a base

LARGER Kb = STRONGER base
SMALLER Kb = WEAKER base

44
Q

Polyprotic

A

Has more than 1 proton to donate

EX: carbonic acid

45
Q

Amphoteric

A

A substance that can be either an acid or a base

Any conjugate base of a weak polyprotic acid is ALWAYS amphoteric

Includes amino acids

46
Q

pH =

A

-log[H+]

[H+] = 10^-pH

47
Q

LOW pH equals

A

HIGH [H+]

48
Q

HIGH pH equals

A

LOW [H+]

49
Q

pOH =

A

-log[OH-]

50
Q

pKa=

A

-logKa

51
Q

pKb=

A

-log Kb

52
Q

The acid with the LOWER pKa is…

A

the STRONGER acid

53
Q

The base with the LOWER pKb is…

A

the STRONGER base

LO MCAT BIOCHEM (2 decks)

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