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Organic Chem > Ch3 > Flashcards

Ch3 Flashcards

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1
Q

CH4

A

methane

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2
Q

C2H6

A

ethane

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3
Q

C3H8

A

propane

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4
Q

C4H10

A

butane

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5
Q

C5H12

A

pentane

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6
Q

C6H14

A

hexane

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7
Q

C7H16

A

heptane

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8
Q

C8H18

A

octane

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9
Q

C9H20

A

Nonane

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10
Q

C10H22

A

decane

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11
Q

__________series is a family of compounds in which each member differs from the one before it in the series by one methylene (CH2) group.

A

Homologous

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12
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the way the atoms are connected

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13
Q

IUPAC nomenclature

A

systematic nomenclature/ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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14
Q

Alkyl group

A

Hydrogen removed from an alkane group / ane replaced with yl ( metyl, ethyl propyl, butyl,,)
\

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15
Q

alcohol

A

hydrogen in an alkane replaced by an OH

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16
Q

amine

A

hydrogen in an alkane replaced by an NH2

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17
Q

alkyl halide

A

hydrogen in an alkane replaced by a halide

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18
Q

ether

A

hydrogen in an alkane replaced by an OR

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19
Q

primary carbon

A

carbon bonded to only one other carbon

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20
Q

secondary carbon

A

carbon bonded to two other carbons.

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21
Q

tertiary carbon

A

carbon bonded to three other carbons.

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22
Q

RO substituent Systematic Names

A

named by replacing the yl ending in the name of the alkyl substituent with oxy.

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23
Q

functional group

A

center of reactivity in an organic molecule

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24
Q

the parent hydrocarbon is the longest continuous chain that contains the ____________

A

functional group

25
Q

the parent hydrocarbon is numbered in the direction that gives the functional group suffix the____________

A

lowest possible number

26
Q

the name of a substituent is stated _______ the name of the parent hydrocarbon and a functional group suffix is stated _______ the name of the parent hydrocarbon

A

before, after

27
Q

_______is a compound which one or more hydrogens of ammonia have been replaced by alkyl groups. _______ are classified as primary, secondary, tertiary depending on how many alkyl groups are attached to the nitrogen

A

amine

28
Q

The name of any alkyl group bonded to nitrogen is preceded by an N _______ to indicate that the group is bonded to a nitrogen rather than to a carbon

A

(in italics)

29
Q

quaternary ammonium salt

A

nitrogen compounds with four alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen, thereby giving the nitrogen a positive formal charge

30
Q

London dispersion force

A

induced-dipole-induced-dipole interaction; van der waals force

31
Q

if two alkanes have the same molecular weight, the more highly branched one will have a _______ boiling point, because?

A

lower, branching lowers a compound’s boiling point by reducing the area of contact. / the magnitude of the london dispersion forces that hold alkane molecules together depends on the area of contact between molecules

32
Q

dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than _______, but not as strong as _______ or _______

A

london dispersion forces, ionic, covalent

33
Q

Polarizability indicates?

A

how readily an electron cloud can be distorted to create a strong induced dipole.

34
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen that is attached to an oxygen, a nitrogen, or a fluorine and a lone pair of an oxygen, a nitrogen, or a fluorine in another molecule. A hydrogen bond is not as strong as an O - H covalent bond, but it is stronger than other dipole- dipole interactions.

35
Q

The strongest hydrogen bonds are _______

A

linear

36
Q

Nitrogen is not as _______ oxygen, however, so the hydrogen bonds between amine molecules are weaker than those between alcohol molecules.

A

electronegative

37
Q

_______ amines cannot form hydrogen bonds between their own molecules because they do not have a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen

A

tertiary

38
Q

Meting point curves of even number/ odd number straight-chain alkanes ?

A

Melting point is influenced by the packing in the crystal lattice. the tighter the fit, the more energy required to break the lattice and melt the compound. The two curves do not overlap, however, because alkanes with an odd number of carbons pack less tightly than alkanes with an even number of carbons.

39
Q

Solvation

A

the interaction between solvent molecules and solute molecules

40
Q

For a nonpolar molecule to dissolve in a polar solvent such as water, the nonpolar molecule would have to push the water molecules apart, disrupting their ______________

A

hydrogen bond

41
Q

The densities of alkanes increase with increasing ______________

A

molecular weight

42
Q

alcohols with fewer than _______carbons are soluble in water, but alcohols with more than _______ carbons are insoluble in water.

A

4

43
Q

Alcohols with _______ alkyl groups are more soluble in water than alcohols with ______________ alkyl groups with the same number of carbons

A

branched, unbranched

44
Q

the oxygen of an ether, like the oxygen of an alcohol, can drag only about _______ carbons into solution in water

A

3

45
Q

Alkyl fluorides are the most water soluble of the alkyl halides because?

A

alkyl fluorides have an atom that can form a hydrogen bond with water.

46
Q

conformational isomers, conformers

A

the different spatial arrangements of the atoms that result from rotation about a single bond

47
Q

A Newman projection assumes that

A

the viewer is looking along the longitudinal axis of a particular C-C bond.

48
Q

Two extreme rotation of C-C bond

A

Staggered and Eclipsed Conformers

49
Q

Why is a staggered conformer more stable than an eclipsed conformer?

A

The major contributions to the energy difference are stabilizing interactions between the C-H sigma bonding molecular orbital on one carbon and the C-H sigma antibonding molecular orbital on the other carbon.

50
Q

Hyperconjugation

A

The delocalization of electrons by the overlap of a sigma orbital with an empty orbital

51
Q

Carbon with the lower number is placed in the _______ in a newman projection

A

foreground

52
Q

why do anti conformers and gauche conformers have different energies?

A

Steric chain, ( strain experienced by a molecule, when atoms or groups are close enough for their electron clouds to repel each other)

53
Q

gauche interaction

A

Greater steric strain in a gauche conformer because the two substituents are close to each other.

54
Q

Angle strain

A

decreasing the amount of overlap

55
Q

Cycloalkanes twist and bend out of a planar arrangement in order to attain a structure that maximized their stability by __________________________________________

A

minimizing ring strain and the number of eclipsed hydrogens.

56
Q

Ring flip

A

Interconversion of Cyclohexane between two stable chair conformers

57
Q

Flagpole hydrogens

A

the hydrogens at the “bow “ and “stern” of the boat. which cause steric strain

58
Q

Twist-boat conformer

A

boat –> half-chair 중간

Organic Chem (4 decks)

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