Ch.3 Flashcards
Petition of Rights
The mariner’s astrolabe, also called sea astrolabe, was an inclinometer used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun’s noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination.
Long Parliament
Mecca, in a desert valley in western Saudi Arabia, is Islam’s holiest city, as it’s the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the faith itself. Only Muslims are allowed in the city, with millions arriving for the annual Hajj (pilgrimage). Dating from the 7th century, the central Masjid al-Haram (Sacred Mosque) surrounds the Kaaba, the cloth-covered cubic structure that’s Islam’s most sacred shrine.
Short Parliament
Medina is a city in western Saudi Arabia. In the city center, the vast Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Prophet’s Mosque) is a major Islamic pilgrimage site. Its striking Green Dome rises above the tombs of the Prophet Muhammad and early Islamic leaders Abu Bakr and Umar. The Masjid al-Qiblatain (Qiblatain Mosque) is known as the site where the Prophet Muhammad received the command to change the direction of prayer to Mecca.
Cavaliers
The believer worships God directly without the intercession of priests or clergy or saints. The believer’s duties are summed up in five simple rules, the so-called Five Pillars of Islam: Belief, Worship, Fasting, Almsgiving, and Pilgrimage.
Oliver Crownwell
Khadijah or Khadīja bint Khuwaylid or Khadīja al-Kubra was the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She is commonly regarded by Muslims as the “Mother of the Believers”, and was the first person to convert to Islam.
Commonwealth
The Haditha massacre refers to the November 19, 2005, incident in which a group of United States Marines killed 24 unarmed Iraqi civilians. The massacre occurred in Haditha, a city in Iraq’s western province of Al Anbar.
Declaration of rights
a body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology.
Monarchy
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلافة khilāfa) is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph (Arabic: خَليفة khalīfah pronunciation (help. · info))—a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh), and a leader of the entire Muslim community.
Torries and wigs
The Umayyad Caliphate, also spelled Omayyad, was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca.
English bill of right
The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad’s youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name
William and Merry
Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2011, is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world, and the second largest city in Western Asia.
Enlightenment
property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.
Philosopher
in former times) the separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants.
John Locke
The Translation Movement was a movement started in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad which translated many Greek classics into Arabic
