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AP Biology > Ch.27-34 Test Prep > Flashcards

Ch.27-34 Test Prep Flashcards

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1
Q

Vocab:

-Peptidoglycan

A
  • A network of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides.
  • Most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
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2
Q

Vocab:

-Gram-positive bacteria

A

-have simpler walls w a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan.

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3
Q

Vocab:

-Gram-negative bacteria

A

Have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, w an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.

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4
Q

Vocab:

-Capsule

A
  • A sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein.
  • Enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony.
  • The cell wall of many prokaryotes is covered by a capsule.
  • protect from dehydration and shield pathogenic prokaryotes from attacks by their host’s immune system.
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5
Q

Vocab:

-Fibriae

A
  • Hair-like protein appendages that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or to one another.
  • usually shorter and more numerous than sex pili.
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6
Q

Vocab:

Sex pili

A

Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other.

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7
Q

Vocab:

Nucleoid region

A
  • A part of the cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs.
  • Location of chromosomes in prokaryotes.
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8
Q

Vocab:

-Plasmids

A

Smaller rings of separately replicating DNA; most carrying only a few genes.

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9
Q

How long does it take for prokaryotes to produce a new generation.

A

20 minutes

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10
Q

Vocab:

-Transformation

A

The genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.

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11
Q

Vocab:

-Transduction

A

Bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host call to another.

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12
Q

When essential nutrient is lacking, certain bacteria develop resistant calls called ______________.

A

Endospores

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13
Q

Vocab:

-Conjugation

A

Genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells (of the same species) that are temporarily joined.

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14
Q

Vocab:

-Photoautotrophs

A

Photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide or other inorganic carbon compounds.

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15
Q

Vocab:

-Chemoautotrophs

A

Need only an inorganic compound such as Carbon Dioxide as a carbon source.
Instead of using light as an energy source, they oxidize inorganic substances.

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16
Q

Vocab:

-Photoheterotrophs

A

Harness energy from light but must obtain carbon in organic form.
-Unique to certain marine and halophilic (salt-loving) prokaryotes.

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17
Q

Vocab:

-Chemoheterotrophs

A

Must consume organic molecules to obtain both energy and carbon.
-Fungi, animals, most Protista and even some parasitic plants are chemoheterotrophs.

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18
Q

Vocab:

-Obligate aerobes

A

Use oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it.

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19
Q

Vocab:

-Obligate anaerobes

A

Poisoned by oxygen.

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20
Q

_______________ is essential for the production of amino acids.

A

Nitrogen

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21
Q

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies known as __________.

A

Biofilms

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22
Q

Vocab:

-Extremophiles

A

“Lovers of extreme conditions”

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23
Q

Vocab:

  • Extreme halophiles
  • halo
A
  • live in highly saline environments

- halo is Greek for salt

24
Q

Vocab:

  • Extreme thermophiles
  • thermos
A
  • thrive in very hot environments

- thermos is Greek for hot

25
Q

Vocab:

-symbiosis

A

An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with one another.

26
Q

In general, the larger organism in a symbiotic relationship is known as the ________, and the smaller is known as the ___________.

A
  • host

- symbiont

27
Q

Vocab:

-Mutualism

A

An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit.

28
Q

Vocab:

-Commensalism

A

An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way.

29
Q

Vocab:

-Parasitism

A

An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host.

30
Q

Parasites that cause disease are known as ___________.

A

Pathogens

31
Q

Vocab:

-Exotoxins

A

Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms.

32
Q

Vocab:

-Endotoxins

A

-Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

33
Q

When are endotoxins released?

A

Only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

34
Q

Vocab:

-Bioremediation

A

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water.

35
Q

Vocab:

-mixotrophy

A

Combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

36
Q

Vocab:

-Alternation of generations

A

The alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid form.

37
Q

Vocab:

-heteromorphic

A

Meaning that the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different.

38
Q

Vocab:

-Isomorphic generations

A

In which I be sporophytes and gsmetophytes look similar to each other, although they differ in chromosome number.

39
Q

What does sporopollenin prevent?

A

It prevents exposed zygotes from drying out.

40
Q

Vocab:

-sporophylls

A

Modified leaves that bear sporangia

41
Q

Vocab:

-homosporous

A

They have one type of sporangium that produce one type of spore.

42
Q

Vocab:

-heterosporous

A

Species with two types of sporangia and produce two kinds of spores

43
Q

The whole structure-megasporangium, megastore, and their integument(s)-is called an _________.

A

Ovule

44
Q

Vocab:

-Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules.

45
Q

Vocab:

-Progymnosperms

A

Transitional species of Seedless vascular plants

46
Q

Vocab:

-Double Fertilization

A
  • One fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell.
  • unique to angiosperms
47
Q

Vocab:

-Endosperm

A

Tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo.

48
Q

Vocab:

-Monocots

A

Angiosperm species with one cotyledon

49
Q

Vocab:

-Dicots

A

Angiosperm species with two cotyledon

50
Q

What are Eudicots also known as?

A

“True” dicots

51
Q

Review:

Define Heterotrophs

A

Cannot make their own food as plants and algae can. (In this case talking about fungi)

52
Q

What are fungal cell walls strengthened by?

A

Chitin

53
Q

Vocab:

-Haustoria

A

Specialized hyphae which the fungi use to extract nutrients from-or exchange nutrients with-their hosts.

54
Q

Review:

-Hyphae

A

A network of tiny filaments, typically formed by the bodies of fungi.

55
Q

Vocab:

-Mycorrihzae

A

Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots.

56
Q

Many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis; such species are known informally as __________.

A

Molds

AP Biology (2 decks)

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