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CH 336 > Ch.27 > Flashcards

Ch.27 Flashcards

1
Q

define a lipid

A

pg. 3

lipids are essentially hydrophobic small molecules that engage in a biollogically active manner

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2
Q

what are the four many triglecerids and phosphorlibids

A

pg. 3

  1. fats (fatty acids, tryglycerides
  2. waxes
  3. terpenes
  4. sterols and steroids
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3
Q

describe a terpene and what is a monoterpene

A

pg. 4

a simple to highly complex liquid
isoprenes are coupled (joined) together to produce the larger terpenes.

ex. monoterpene consists of two isoprene units - 10 carbons in the system)

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4
Q

draw an isoprene

A

pg. 4

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5
Q

what is limonene - draw it

A

pg. 6

limonene is a aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene

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6
Q

draw the biosynthesis of limonene and label the terpene

A

pg. 6

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7
Q

draw the monoterpene mechanism

A

pg. 7

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8
Q

what is the catalytic role of metals (ex. Mg2+ or Mn2+)

A

pg. 8

metals act as lewis aids –> metals acceptsan electron pair from a donor (Lewis base) –> metals often have vacant orbitals that can accept these electron pairs

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9
Q

draw a cation stack

A

pg. 9

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10
Q

sesquiterpenes

A

pg. 10

contain three isoprene units

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11
Q

what is the precursor for a sesquiterpene - identify the isoprenes

A

pg. 10

called a farnesyl pyrophosphate

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12
Q

what might occur right before a terpene cyclizes, why does this happen, and what would the notation be

A

pg. 11 and 12

carbocations may not be in the right place to effectively cyclize –> so we need hydride shifts. the notation may look like “1,3H-“ above an arrow

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13
Q

answer practice problem on pg. 13

A
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14
Q

describe saturated fatty acids

A

pg. 14

  • no double bonds
  • solid at room temperature because they can stack really well
  • at physiological pH they exist with a deprotonated COOH
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15
Q

draw a saturated fatty acid at a low pH

A

pg. 14

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16
Q

draw the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

pg. 15

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17
Q

draw a polyunsaturated fatty acid at a low pH

A

pg. 15

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18
Q

draw a monounsaturated fatty acid at a low pH

A

pg.15

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19
Q

describe unsaturated fats

A

pg. 14

  • have double bonds (one or multiple)
  • they are liquid at room temp because the double bond adds a kink in th structure, which prevents effective stacking
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20
Q

are cis or trans unsaturated fatty acids more common

A

pg. 15

cis unsaturated fatty acids are more common
trans unsaturated fatty acids are rare or synthetic

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21
Q

how is the melting point of fatty acids effected

A

pg. 16

as surface area increases on the fatty acid, the melting point increases –> because there is more surface area to interact with

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22
Q

why do the melting points of cis vs trans unsaturated fatty acids differ

A

pg. 17 / 18

the trans unsat. FA contains a trans double bond, which does not introduce a significant kink in the chain –> allows for a more linear structure compared to the cis form, enabling tighter packing of molecules than the cis isomer, but not as tight as the saturated fatty acid.

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23
Q

are lipids water soluble? what happens when they are put in water?

A

pg. 21

lipids are not water soluble. when they are put in water, these molcules are forced to self assemple

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24
Q

draw and explain the surface monolayer

A

pg. 21

surface monolayer contains hydrophobic components and is forced out of water to react with itself via LDFs

25
Q

draw and explain mycel

A

pg. 21

outside environment os prevented from interacting with inside environment

26
Q

describe the amphipathic nature of a lipid

A

pg. 21

at phys. pH –> lipids have a charged head group with a hydrophobic tail –> amphipathic because it can strongly react with itself and with water

27
Q

describe the ratio of fatty acid existence at different pHs

A

pg. 22

as basicity increases, the deprotonated COO- is favored

as acidity increases, the protonated COOH is favored

they exist in a ratio

28
Q

which FA forms complex self assembled shapes at different pHs? which is the most important shape?

A

pg. 23

unsaturated FAs can form a variety of 3D shapes at varying pHs (saturated FAs are different)

at a pH of 7.5: a cubosome shape is formed which makes up the bilayer at phys pH

29
Q

describe wax esters

A

pg. 24

  • composed of a fatty acid and an alcohol
  • very hydrophobic
  • due to ester, the pH isn’t going to really effect a wax –> so we don’t see formations of different structures
  • wax is used to build things and to waterproof things (protective barrier)
30
Q

triglycerides

A

pg. 26

  • the storage method for FAs
  • triglycerides are used in many areas (ex. cell metabolism, insulation, etc.)
  • they contain three ester residues bonded to a glycerol backbone - which can be further substituted
  • enzymes catalyze the production by combining a triol with three fatty acids
31
Q

simple vs. mixed tricglycerides

A

pg. 27

Simple triglycerides have the same fatty acid, mixed triglycerides have different fatty acids

more unsaturated fats lower the melting point which makes them liquid at room temp.

32
Q

hydrogenation of FAs

A

pg. 28

used in the food industry to convert oils into fats which reduces spoilage and avoids liquid separation

Double bonds present in unsaturated triglycerides can be hydrogenated to convert oils to a semisolid product

hydrogenation is essentially turning an alkene into an alkane which raises the MP of the whole system

33
Q

describe emulsification

A

pg. 29

emulsifying agents are added to prevent the separation of food

it is the process of mixing two immiscible phases (e.g., oil and water) with the aid of a surface active agent (emulsifier) into a homogeneous mixture

34
Q

describe fatty acid spoilage of unsaturated fats and what that means for its degradation

A

pg. 30

aka - lipid oxidation
ex. olive oil left open in the air will spoil faster because oxygen can get get in, so the oxidation process occurs.

the oxidation process causes primary products to become secondary and then eventually tertiary products

35
Q

draw the saponification reaction

A

pg. 31

36
Q

what undergoes saponification

A

pg. 31

triglycerides

37
Q

answer practice question on pg. 32

A
38
Q

why are FAs able to form a micelle in water?

A

pg. 33

they are amphipathic

39
Q

answer the practice problem on pg. 34

A
40
Q

what reactants can be used to do a hydrogenation rxn

A

pg. 34

FA + H2 –PT–>

removes double bond (hydrogen added to make an alkane)

41
Q

describe a glycerophospholipid

A

pg. 35

used in the cell as a semi-permeable barrier

contains two FAs, glycerol, phosphate, and an alcohol

42
Q

what are the properties of phospholipids

A

pg. 36

  • amphipathic
  • form membranes
43
Q

how can the FA chains effect the membrane

A

pg. 36

  • more fluidity = more unsaturated fats
  • more rigidity = more saturated fats
44
Q

describe sphingolipids

A

pg. 37

  • another lipid found in the membrane
  • used to create microenvironments in a membrane

contain sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and an alcohol

45
Q

draw a sphingosine

A

pg. 37

aka, the individual units that make up sphingolipids

46
Q

eicosanoids and draw it

A

pg. 40

aka icosanoids
- class of messenger lipids based of of arachidonic acids

47
Q

draw prostaglandins

A

pg. 40

48
Q

draw thromboxane

A

pg. 40

49
Q

draw leukotrienes

A

pg. 40

50
Q

describe sterlods and draw the general structure

A

pg. 42

these are rigid, hydrophobic biological components

the ring structure makes the compound more rigid (more restrictive rotation) than the typicaly acyclic structure. these compounds add rigidity to overall H-bond netwrok

51
Q

draw sterol

A

pg. 42

52
Q

describe cholesterol

A

pg. 43

  • functions for membrane fluidity, hormone precursor, and vitamin D precursor
  • it is a lipid in the blood
53
Q

draw cholesterol

A

pg. 43

54
Q

what does the biosynthesis of cholesterol

A

pg. 44

ring opening of an epoxide via an acid –> the more substituted side breaks open

55
Q

how do hormones signal

A

pg. 47

hormones act as on / off switches –> they bind to specific receptor sites (have a high affinity to specific receptors)

56
Q

lipoprotein

A

pg. 48

round particles made of fat (lipids) and proteins that travel in your bloodstream to cells throughout your body. Cholesterol and triglycerides are two types of lipids found in lipoproteins.

  • they transport hydrophobic material in water
57
Q

HDL and LDL function

A

pg. 49

Cholesterol (hydrophobic) can’t just jump into circulatory system (water) to move about! It has to hitch a ride on lipoproteins Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and High density lipoproteins (HDLs) essentially describe the lipid loading in a lipoprotein

  • the density of lipoproteins is the ration of protein to fat
58
Q

explain the function of steroids in the digestive system

A

pg. 50

steroids can be easily oxidized via cytochrome and P450. oxidation becomes bile salt which aid lipid digestion by acting as emulsifying agents

CH 336 (6 decks)

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